scholarly journals Working from Home, Wages, and Regional Inequality in the Light of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Irlacher ◽  
Michael Koch
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Wage Premium ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Career Survey

Abstract We use the most recent wave of the German Qualifications and Career Survey to reveal a substantial wage premium in a Mincer regression for workers performing their job from home. The premium accounts for more than 10% and persists within narrowly defined jobs as well as after controlling for workplace characteristics. In a next step, we provide evidence on substantial regional variation in the share of jobs that can be done from home in Germany. Our analysis reveals a strong, positive relation between the share of jobs with working from home opportunities and the mean worker income in a district. Assuming that jobs with the opportunity of remote work are more crisis proof, our results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic might affect poorer regions to a greater extent. Hence, examining regional disparities is central for policy-makers in choosing economic policies to mitigate the consequences of this crisis.

Nation Versus Region in Kenya: a Note on Political Learning

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Court ◽  
Kenneth Prewitt
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Regional Disparities ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
The Political ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Stress Growth ◽  
Political Learning ◽  
Versus Region ◽  
The Will

In the literature on new nations, much attention has been given to the threat to nationhood posed by cultural and linguistic variations, rather less to the political repercussions of the regional inequality with which such variations are often associated. Regional disparities in resources and services inherited at independence tend to be compounded by policies which stress growth rather than equity. Given that such imbalances are not easily or speedily corrected by means of compensatory economic policies – even if the will exists – the political vulnerability of governments to regional disaffection is bound up with the question of whether it is possible for a common national outlook to be superimposed upon regional variation. The purpose of this brief Note is to test two hypotheses which relate to this question against Kenyan data and experience.

Evaluation of Road Utilisation as Space For Holding Social Ceremonies in Indigenous Residential Area of Ogbomoso, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (March 2018) ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A Okanlawon ◽  
O.O Odunjo ◽  
S.A Olaniyan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Noisy Environment ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Core ◽  
Local Roads ◽  
Strict Enforcement ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
The City ◽  
The Town

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk — C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) copies of questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice. These were noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital; the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being; and level of acceptability of the practice which was found to be very unacceptable in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

scholarly journals Pilonidal sinus disease on the rise: a one-third incidence increase in inpatients in 13 years with substantial regional variation in Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Oetzmann von Sochaczewski ◽  
Jan Gödeke
Keyword(s):  
Pilonidal Sinus ◽  
Regional Variation ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Pilonidal Sinus Disease ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Reconstructive Procedures ◽  
Sinus Disease ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Purpose Collective evidence from single-centre studies suggests an increasing incidence of pilonidal sinus disease in the last decades, but population-based data is scarce. Methods We analysed administrative case–based principal diagnoses of pilonidal sinus disease and its surgical therapy between 2005 and 2017 in inpatients. Changes were addressed via linear regression. Results The mean rate of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease per 100,000 men increased from 43 in 2005 to 56 in 2017. In females, the mean rate of inpatient episodes per 100,000 women rose from 14 in 2005 to 18 in 2017. In the whole population, for every case per 100,000 females, there were 3.1 cases per 100,000 males, but the numbers were highly variable between the age groups. There was considerable regional variation within Germany. Rates of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease were increasing in almost all age groups and both sexes by almost a third. Surgery was dominated by excision of pilonidal sinus without reconstructive procedures, such as flaps, whose share was around 13% of all procedures, despite recommendations of the national guidelines to prefer flap procedures. Conclusion Rates of inpatient episodes of pilonidal sinus disease in Germany rose across almost all age groups and both sexes with relevant regional variation. The underlying causative factors are unknown. Thus, patient-centred research is necessary to explore them. This should also take cases into account that are solely treated office-based in order to obtain a full-spectrum view of pilonidal sinus disease incidence rates.

scholarly journals Regional Variation in Inequality of Educational Opportunity across Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 237802312110198
Author(s):  
Bastian A. Betthäuser ◽  
Caspar Kaiser ◽  
Nhat An Trinh
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Educational Opportunity ◽  
Large Body ◽  
European Social Survey ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Inequality Of Educational Opportunity ◽  
Cross National

A large body of literature documents cross-national variation in the level of inequality of educational opportunity (IEO) among children from different social backgrounds. By contrast, relatively little attention has been given to the extent to which IEO varies within counties and across regions. On the basis of data from the European Social Survey, the authors map variation in IEO across regions in Europe and show that IEO varies substantially within counties. This visualization of the heterogeneity of IEO within European countries highlights the need for researchers and policy makers to extend the current focus on cross-national differences and to investigate and address IEO at the regional level. The visualization raises important questions with respect to the contours, causes, and consequences of cross-regional variation in IEO.

scholarly journals Central banking, protectionism and globalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (s1) ◽  
pp. 121-140
Author(s):  
Jacob A. Frenkel
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Central Banking ◽  
Policy Response ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Macroeconomic Theory

The recent global financial crisis has resulted in a new creative set of economic policies. The justifi- cation for the unconventional policy response was based on the implicit assumption that the departure from the norms of macroeconomic policies would be temporary. This detour has lasted longer than expected. Now that the process of normalization has started in the United States and is likely to be followed (albeit in some delay) in Europe, it would be important for policy makers to emphasize that the unconventional set of economic policies were just a detour from the longstanding convention rather than representing a new paradigm. The experience of the crisis and the post-crises years should be recorded in history as refl ecting a period during which new and important policy chapters were drafted. These chapters should be added to the corpus of knowledge of macroeconomic theory and policy. The new chapters contain important lessons that should definitely not be forgotten once the crisis is over. They should be added to, but not replace, the old textbooks.

scholarly journals Open quotient (EGG) measurements of young and elderly voices: results of a production and perception study

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 213-225
Author(s):  
Ralf Winkler ◽  
Walter Sendlmeier
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Elderly Males ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vocal Effort ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Perceived Age ◽  
Age Independent

This paper presents the results of Open Quotient measurements in EGG signals of young (18 to 30 year old) and elderly (59 to 82 year old) male and female speakers. The paper further presents quantitative results on the relation between the OQ and the perception of a speaker's age. Higgins & Saxman (1991) found a decreased OQEGG with increasing age for females, whereas the OQEGG in sustained vowel material increased for males as the speakers age increased. In Linville (2002), however, the spectral amplitudes in the region of F0 (obtained by LTAS-measurements of read speech material) increased with increasing age independent of gender; this could be interpreted indirectly as an increasing OQ. We measured the OQEGG not only for sustained vowels, but also in vowels taken from isolated words. In order to analyse the relation between breathiness in terms of an increased OQ and the mean perceived age per stimulus a perception test was carried out in which listeners were asked to estimate speaker's age based on sustained /a/-vowel stimuli varying in vocal effort (soft - normal - loud) during production. The results indicated the following: (i) The decreased OQ for elderly females originally found by Higgins & Saxman is not apparent in our data for sustained /a/-vowels. For our female speakers no significant difference between the OQ of young and old speakers was found; for elderly males, however, we also found an increasing OQ with increasing age.(ii) In addition, a statistically significant increased OQEGG occurs for the group of the elderly males for the vowels from the word material. (iii) Our results show a strong positive relation between perceived age and OQ in male voices. Regarding (i) and (ii), at least the male speaker's voice becomes more breathy as age increases. Considering (iii), increased breathiness may contribute to the listener’s perception of increased age.  

scholarly journals Exchange Rate Fluctuations & Economy of Pakistan, Time series Analysis (1989-2013)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 474-489
Author(s):  
Muhammad Salih Memon ◽  
Raheem Bux Soomro ◽  
Sajid Hussain Mirani ◽  
Mansoor Ahmed Soomro
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Economic Stability ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Exchange Rate Fluctuations ◽  
Ministry Of Finance

Economic stability is remained on topmost priority of every country, and different measures were suggested by the researchers worldwide, by moving on the same track study was carried out to predict the currency valuation factors, data were collected from export promotion bureau, state bank of Pakistan, and ministry of finance for 25 years (1989-2013), by using linear regression; currency valuation as dependent variable, exports, changes in external debt, and total reserves as independent variables and concluded that only the exports of Pakistan is a right predictor of currency valuation of the country which policy makers must have incorporate in formation of economic policies and setting the targets before fiscal policy. 

Mapping of Health Technology Assessment in China: Situation Analysis and International Comparison

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingyao Chen ◽  
Xunyouzhi Chi ◽  
Yao He ◽  
Yan Wei ◽  
Wija Oortwijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Health Technology ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Provider ◽  
Situation Analysis ◽  
Mapping Study ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Validated Instrument

AbstractObjectivesTo analyze the current development of HTA in China and to identify areas for improvement, we mapped the level of HTA development in China and compared it with the level of HTA development in ten other countries using a survey instrument.MethodsWe launched a nationwide survey targeting different stakeholders. For this purpose, we used a validated instrument that enables mapping HTA development in a country using eight domains. The views of the respondents regarding the overall level of HTA development and for each domain were compared with the results of a mapping study that included ten countries.ResultsIn total, we received 222 responses, 33 from policy-makers, 158 from researchers, and 31 from industry, as well as health provider representatives including 8 from hospitals, centers for disease control and prevention. We calculated the mean score for the level of HTA development. The overall HTA development for China was scored at 76.4 (out of a maximum of 146). Although the total score for China was comparable to the mean score of 75.6 among the ten countries, China scored significantly lower than the mean score of 117.0 among the three developed countries. In addition, China scored significantly lower in the domain of institutionalization compared to the other ten countries.ConclusionsChina needs to tackle the issue of low HTA institutionalization to strengthen the foundation of HTA development. Future government initiatives that institutionalize HTA, for example, establishing a national HTA system or consortium, will improve the development of HTA in China.

scholarly journals Impact on Health-Related Quality of Life and Costs of Managing Chronic Neuropathic Pain in Academic Pain Centres: Results from a One-Year Prospective Observational Canadian Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 327-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
J-E Tarride ◽  
DE Moulin ◽  
M Lynch ◽  
AJ Clark ◽  
L. Stitt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related ◽  
The Mean ◽  
One Year ◽  
Over Time

BACKGROUND: The management of chronic pain, including neuropathic pain (NeP), is a major public health issue. However, there is a paucity of data evaluating pain management strategies in real-life settings.OBJECTIVE: To inform policy makers about the economic value of managing chronic NeP in academic centres by conducting a subeconomic assessment of a Canadian multicentre cohort study aimed at determining the long-term outcomes of the management of chronic NeP in academic pain centres. Specific questions regarding the economic value of this type of program were answered by a subset of patients to provide further information to policy makers.METHODS: Baseline demographic information and several pain-related measurements were collected at baseline, three, six and 12 months in the main study. A resource use questionnaire aimed at determining NeP-related costs and the EuroQoL-5 Dimension were collected in the subset study from consenting patients. Statistical analyses were conducted to compare outcomes over time and according to responder status.RESULTS: A total of 298 patients were evaluated in the present economic evaluation. The mean (± SD) age of the participants was 53.7±14.0 years, and 56% were female. At intake, the mean duration of NeP was >5 years. Statistically significant improvements in all pain and health-related quality of life outcomes were observed between the baseline and one-year visits. Use decreased over time for many health care resources (eg, visits to the emergency room decreased by one-half), which resulted in overall cost savings.CONCLUSION: The results suggest that increased access to academic pain centres should be facilitated in Canada.

Italy: dependence and political fragmentation

1977 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Economic Survival ◽  
Internal Fragmentation

Italy's political economy is characterized by international weakness and internal fragmentation and polarization. Since 1947, Italy's foreign economic policies have been defined by a broadly-based political and social coalition dominated by the Christian Democratic party (DC). This coalition has incorporated or maintained close links with ministerial bureaucracies, the Bank of Italy, state-controlled industrial and commercial enterprises, large corporations, and Catholic trade unions. It has attempted to foster a postwar climate receptive to business interests and to foreign investment; one which would facilitate the maintenance of a stable domestic political and social order. At the same time, the DC coalition is so fragmented by factionalism and personal competition that economic policy making has lacked direction and has been marked by personalism and by improvisation. Italian policy makers operate in a precarious environment in that they must use political and economic weaknessin order to mobilize the international assistance needed to maintain the internal social order as well as external economic survival.

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