Italy: dependence and political fragmentation

1977 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 809-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Investment ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Economic Survival ◽  
Internal Fragmentation

Italy's political economy is characterized by international weakness and internal fragmentation and polarization. Since 1947, Italy's foreign economic policies have been defined by a broadly-based political and social coalition dominated by the Christian Democratic party (DC). This coalition has incorporated or maintained close links with ministerial bureaucracies, the Bank of Italy, state-controlled industrial and commercial enterprises, large corporations, and Catholic trade unions. It has attempted to foster a postwar climate receptive to business interests and to foreign investment; one which would facilitate the maintenance of a stable domestic political and social order. At the same time, the DC coalition is so fragmented by factionalism and personal competition that economic policy making has lacked direction and has been marked by personalism and by improvisation. Italian policy makers operate in a precarious environment in that they must use political and economic weaknessin order to mobilize the international assistance needed to maintain the internal social order as well as external economic survival.

Manufacturing versus Corruption: Who Wins?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramy Harik ◽  
Joseph Elias Khoury
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Digital Manufacturing ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Manufacturing Networks ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Greater Good

The objective of Manufacturing versus Corruption: Who Wins? is to use scientific methodologies and recommendations to motivate young people to participate in rendering the manufacturing ecosystem successful, by creating a socio-political stability amongst communities, counties, states, and nations in an unprecedented way. This book presents the reader with a practical approach and understanding of key scientific, industrial & managerial concepts that constitute a common policy narrative to be embraced, implemented, and executed across all governmental sectors. As a tool for policy makers, the authors demonstrate the need for a digital manufacturing economy grounded in complete transparency. With over 50 years of experience in engineering and manufacturing, Ramy Harik and Joseph Khoury are on a mission to bring together science, economics, technology, and policy making so all work in tandem for the greater good. Topics include digital manufacturing economies, manufacturing ring, importance of infrastructure and power for successful manufacturing, networks and internet, manufacturing policies, economic policies, education systems, water, importance of data in the manufacturing process, good manufacturing practices, and free-market manufacturing.

A Message to the Labor Movement: Stop and Think!

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Sass
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Occupational Health ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Occupational Health And Safety ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Workplace Health ◽  
The Social

Trade unions and workers in North America have been objectified and instrumentalized by all political regimes, including the social-democratic New Democratic Party in Canada. And it is means-end non-thinking that characterizes government policies. Liberal elites and policy-making have marginalized ordinary workers making them “superfluous” without any vision of an “ethical community” and demonstrating contempt for democratic initiatives. There are oppositionary voices to the dominant social structures that oppress and undermine community and solidarity. However, trade unions and occupational health and safety “activists” have yet to reassess their strategies on workplace health and safety reforms, but are on the defensive in North America. Further, they are complicit with the dominant ideology and the occupational health and safety establishment, including the various and diverse professionals, who shape how we think about work environment matters; and they accommodate government regulators in mediating worker experiences and expectations with employer interests. The author suggests the beginning of a strategy that does not succumb to present-day liberal public policy-making and the atrophy of alternative options. In part, this strategy calls for a rudimentary phenomenology of moral judgment and a reconstruction of labor “tradition.”

scholarly journals THE EFFECTS OF TAWHIDIC PARADIGM ON PUBLIC POLICY MAKING IN MALAYSIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhaimi Bin Mhd Sarif ◽  
Yusof Bin Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Current Policy ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Personal Interview ◽  
Public Policy Making ◽  
Policy Makers

This study examines the conceptualized effects of Tawhidic paradigm on economic policies to promote the growth of halal industry for sustainable wealth creation in Malaysia. Tawhidic paradigm provides guidance to economic policy thinking by relying upon the principles of Qur’an and Sunnah in formulating and implementing policy blueprint and instruments. The current policy thoughts are guided by market forces and sentiments which contributed to unbridled uncertainties and speculation. A Tawhidic paradigm policy thinking and process is developed to help ascertain the level of Tawhidic based policy thinking and practices at policy making, implementation and evaluation. Using personal interview with economic policy makers as method of collecting input, this study reveals that the informants do consider some levels of Tawhidic paradigm but the thoughts appear to be inadequate to help sustain wealth creation. =========================================== Efek Paradigma Tauhid dalam Pengambilan Kebijakan Publik di Malaysia________________________________________________ Studi ini ingin menguji dampak konsep paradigma Tauhid terhadap kebijakan ekonomi dalam mendorong pertumbuhan industri halal, demi terciptanya kekayaan berkelanjutan di Malaysia. Paradigma tauhid memberikan panduan pemikiran kebijakan ekonomi dengan mengandalkan prinsip-prinsip Alquran dan Sunnah dalam merumuskan dan menerapkan cetak biru instrumen kebijakan. Pemikiran kebijakan saat ini dipandu oleh kekuatan dan sentimen pasar yang berkontribusi terhadap ketidakpastian dan spekulasi yang tak terkendali. Pemikiran dan proses pemikiran tauhid dikembangkan untuk membantu memastikan tingkat pemikiran dan praktik kebijakan Tauhid berdasarkan pada pembuatan kebijakan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Dengan menggunakan wawancara pribadi dengan pembuat kebijakan ekonomi sebagai metode untuk mengumpulkan masukan. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa informan mempertimbangkan beberapa tingkat paradigma Tauhid namun pemikiran tersebut tampaknya tidak memadai untuk membantu mempertahankan penciptaan kekayaan.

scholarly journals SISTEM EKONOMI INDONESIA DALAM PERSPEKTIF PANCASILA DAN UUD 1945

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-332
Author(s):  
Agung Rifqi Pratama
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Philosophical Approach ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Other Hand

The focus of this article, using a juridical normatif and philosophical approach, is in tracking how Article 33 of the Indonesian Constitution is understood and how the Pancasila economic system (based on the five tenets of the State’s ideology) is being implemented by a number of exisitng economic policies. While the Article should be regarded as the embedodiment of Indonesian economic policy, it cannot be denied that the understanding of  it evolved and changed following the 4thamendment to the Constitution. It is observed that the 4thamendment to the 1945 Constitution have had a great impact on the direction taken by the Indonesian economic policy makers.  In using a juridical normative approach we are forced to take the position that Pancasila economic system as found in the Constitution should be followed by the letter in real economic policy making. On the other hand, just to do that, we cannot but realize the need for the existence of government political will.

Prioritizing Strategic Factors of Creative Tourism Industry in Iran by Analytic Network Process (ANP)

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-565
Author(s):  
Reza Kiani Mavi ◽  
Hamed Gheibdoust ◽  
Ahmad A. Khanfar
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Analytic Network Process ◽  
Influential Factors ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Business Support ◽  
Network Process ◽  
Strategic Factors ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
Strategic Policies

Nowadays, it is obvious that creative tourism industry has become very essential for countries and societies; therefore, governments work on constituting policies in order to develop this industry. To be successful in improving creative tourism industry, governments should identify the influential factors and focus on ones that are more important rather than investing a bit on many different factors. Because of the interrelations among factors, this research is aiming to prioritize factors that influence strategic policies of creative tourism industry in Iran using analytic network process (ANP). Data were collected during the period of May 2017 to February 2018. Participants in this research are 13 tourism experts with more than 10 years' experience in the field. Results show that the most influential criterion is "business support" and the most influential subcriterion is "supporting midsize businesses." This study helps policy makers to improve creative tourism by emphasizing on those factors that have high priority from the viewpoint of strategic policy-making.

Sentencing Policy as a Force for Social Cohesion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Henham
Keyword(s):  
Social Cohesion ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Social Values ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sentencing Policy

This chapter sets out the case for adopting a normative approach to conceptualizing the social reality of sentencing. It argues that policy-makers need to comprehend how sentencing is implicated in realizing state values and take greater account of the social forces that diminish the moral credibility of state sponsored punishment. The chapter reflects on the problems of relating social values to legal processes such as sentencing and argues that crude notions of ‘top down’ or ‘bottom up’ approaches to policy-making should be replaced by a process of contextualized policy-making. Finally, the chapter stresses the need for sentencing policy to reflect those moral attachments that bind citizens together in a relational or communitarian sense. It concludes by exploring these assertions in the light of the sentencing approach taken by the courts following the English riots of 2011.

scholarly journals Working from Home, Wages, and Regional Inequality in the Light of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Irlacher ◽  
Michael Koch
Keyword(s):  
Regional Variation ◽  
Wage Premium ◽  
Regional Inequality ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Remote Work ◽  
Positive Relation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Working From Home ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Career Survey

Abstract We use the most recent wave of the German Qualifications and Career Survey to reveal a substantial wage premium in a Mincer regression for workers performing their job from home. The premium accounts for more than 10% and persists within narrowly defined jobs as well as after controlling for workplace characteristics. In a next step, we provide evidence on substantial regional variation in the share of jobs that can be done from home in Germany. Our analysis reveals a strong, positive relation between the share of jobs with working from home opportunities and the mean worker income in a district. Assuming that jobs with the opportunity of remote work are more crisis proof, our results suggest that the COVID-19 pandemic might affect poorer regions to a greater extent. Hence, examining regional disparities is central for policy-makers in choosing economic policies to mitigate the consequences of this crisis.

scholarly journals Science Informed Policies for Managing Water

Hydrology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Daniel P. Loucks
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Information Policy ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
Multiple Impacts ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Science Policy Interface ◽  
Management Policies

Water resource management policies impact how water supplies are protected, collected, stored, treated, distributed, and allocated among multiple users and purposes. Water resource policies influence the decisions made regarding the siting, design, and operation of infrastructure needed to achieve the underlying goals of these policies. Water management policies vary by region depending on particular hydrologic, economic, environmental, and social conditions, but in all cases they will have multiple impacts affecting these conditions. Science can provide estimates of various economic, ecologic, environmental, and even social impacts of alternative policies, impacts that determine how effective any particular policy may be. These impact estimates can be used to compare and evaluate alternative policies in the search for identifying the best ones to implement. Among all scientists providing inputs to policy making processes are analysts who develop and apply models that provide these estimated impacts and, possibly, their probabilities of occurrence. However, just producing them is not a guarantee that they will be considered by policy makers. This paper reviews various aspects of the science-policy interface and factors that can influence what information policy makers need from scientists. This paper suggests some ways scientists and analysts can contribute to and inform those making water management policy decisions. Brief descriptions of some water management policy making examples illustrate some successes and failures of science informing and influencing policy.

Democracy over power? The democratic decision-making process in the case of the attempted privatization of Estonia’s power production

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 361-373
Author(s):  
Anna Khakee
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Playing Field ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government

The suspense-filled attempted partial privatization of the Narva Power Plants in the neo-liberal darling Estonia involved a rich cast, from trade unions and local scientists, via Estonian courts and ombudsmen to international consulting firms, major global banks and the US government. More important, a detailed single case study on the democratic decision-making process in this privatization case makes it possible to go beyond common generalizations regarding the consequences of neo-liberalism for democratic processes. It shows that purported proponents of economic neo-liberalism such as the US government sometimes use their arguments to advance the narrow business interests of politically well-connected firms. Established private firms can behave in a more rent-seeking manner than publicly owned, ex-communist companies. Liberal economic principles of open competition and a level playing-field are at times used by actors in the democratic process to question top-down, opaque economic decisions.

Policy analysis in state governments in Mexico

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Olmeda
Keyword(s):  
Policy Analysis ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
State Level ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Mexican State ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Mexican Politics

State governments have acquired a central role in Mexican politics and policy making during the last decades as a result of both democratization and decentralization. Nowadays state governments not only concentrate a significant portion of prerogatives and responsibilities in terms of service delivery but also control a substantial share of public spending. However, no systematic studies have been developed in order to understand how state governments function. This chapter provides an overview on how policies are crafted at the subnational (state) level in Mexico, the main actors taking place in the process and the way in which professional knowledge and advice influence policy makers. As it argues, the central role in the policy making process is played by the executive branch, being the governors the ones who have the final word in most important decisions. In addition, secretaries also concentrate power in particular policy areas. As a result of the lack of a professional civil service, however, a significant portion of policy analysis is performed by non-governmental actors (universities, NGOs and private firms). The chapter applies this framework to analyze a particular Mexican state, namely Mexico City.

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