scholarly journals Explaining individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment using a multi-level model: evidence from 35 Eurasian countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 61-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Besnik A. Krasniqi ◽  
Colin C. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Marginalised Groups ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Model Evidence ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The aim of this paper is to evaluate the individual- and country-level variations in unregistered employment. To analyse whether it is marginalised groups who are more likely to engage in unregistered employment and explain the country-level variations, a 2010 Life in Transition Survey (LiTS) involving 38,864 interviews in 35 Eurasian countries is reported. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals that younger age groups, the divorced, and those with fewer years in education, are more likely to be unregistered employed. On a country-level, meanwhile, the prevalence of unregistered employment is strongly associated with tax morale; the greater the asymmetry between informal and formal institutions, the greater is the prevalence of unregistered employment. It is also higher when GDP per capita as well as social distribution and state intervention (subsidies and transfers, social contribution expenditure, health expenditure) are lower. The paper concludes by discussing the theoretical and policy implications.

Inequality in active ageing: evidence from a new individual-level index for European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 541-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
MIKKEL BARSLUND ◽  
MARTEN VON WERDER ◽  
ASGHAR ZAIDI
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Unequal Distribution ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Share Data ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTIn the context of emerging challenges and opportunities associated with population ageing, the study of inequality in active-ageing outcomes is critical to the design of appropriate and effective social policies. While there is much discussion about active ageing at the aggregate country level, little is known about inequality in active-ageing experiences within countries. Based on the existing literature on active ageing, this paper proposes an individual-level composite active ageing index based on Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) data. The individual-level nature of the index allows us to analyse inequality in experiences of active ageing within selected European countries. One important motivation behind measuring active ageing at the individual level is that it allows for a better understanding of unequal experiences of ageing, which may otherwise be masked in aggregate-level measures of active ageing. Results show large differences in the distribution of individual-level active ageing across the 13 European countries covered and across age groups. Furthermore, there is a positive association between the country-level active ageing index and the equality of its distribution within a country. Hence, countries with the lowest average active ageing index tend to have the most unequal distribution in active-ageing experiences. For nine European countries, where temporal data are also available, we find that inequality in active-ageing outcomes decreased in the period 2004 to 2013.

scholarly journals Evaluating the individual- and country-level variations in tax morale

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 816-832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin C. Williams ◽  
Besnik Krasniqi
Keyword(s):  
Tax Compliance ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Social Actor ◽  
Actor Model ◽  
Tax Morale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Purpose Recently, a small but burgeoning literature has argued that tax non-compliance cannot be fully explained using the conventional rational economic actor approach which views non-compliance as occurring when the pay-off is greater than the expected cost of being caught and punished. Instead, a social actor approach has emerged which views tax non-compliance as higher when “tax morale”, defined as the intrinsic motivation to pay taxes, is low. To advance this social actor model, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the individual and national heterogeneity in tax morale, which is crucial if tax compliance is to be improved. Design/methodology/approach To do this, the authors report data from the 2010 Life in Transition Survey on tax morale in 35 Eurasian countries. Findings Logit econometric analysis reveals, on the one hand, that there is higher tax morale among middle-aged, married, homeowners with children, with a university degree and employed, and on the other hand, that there is higher tax morale in more developed countries with stronger legal systems and less corruption, and higher levels of state intervention in the form of both taxation and expenditure. Research limitations/implications Rather than continue with the rational actor approach, this paper reveals that how an emergent social actor approach can help to more fully explain tax non-compliance and results in a different policy approach focused upon changing country-level economic and social conditions associated with low tax morale and thus non-compliance. Practical implications These results display the specific populations with low tax morale which need targeting when seeking to tackle tax non-compliance. Originality/value This paper provides a new way of explaining and tackling tax non-compliance in Eurasian countries.

scholarly journals ACTUAL QUESTIONS OF DISPENSARY OBSERVATION AND PROPHYLAXIS OF PARENTERAL VIRAL HEPATITIS B AND C IN CHILDREN

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena A. Galova ◽  
N. N. Karyakin ◽  
Yu. N. Filippov
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Vertical Transmission ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Viral Hepatitis C ◽  
Viral Hepatitis B ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Organization Quality

Clinical following-up of children born to a-HCV/HBSAg-positive women referred to a risk group for vertical transmission of hepatitis C/B viruses is one of the most important areas of medical care for this group of patients. The data of the analysis of the organization, quality and effectiveness of dispensary observation of children from the «risk groups» for the vertical transmission of HCV/HBV infection are presented. The unsatisfactory quality and effectiveness of the dispensary observation of this category of patients has been established. Inadequate medical activity and awareness of doctors on the prevention of parenteral viral hepatitis have been identified. There is substantiated the necessity of implementing a multi-level system for the prophylaxis of viral hepatitis C/B in a system encompassing both a child and a mother based on continuity at each of its stages, which will allow reduce the number of infected children of younger age groups.

Modeling Carrier Interactions in an International Freight Transport System

2018 ◽  
pp. 234-263
Author(s):  
Hyangsook Lee ◽  
Maria Boile ◽  
Sotirios Theofanis
Keyword(s):  
Transportation Services ◽  
Maritime Shipping ◽  
Optimal Service ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Multimodal Network ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Freight Transportation Networks ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Ocean Carriers

This paper presents a novel multi-level hierarchical approach which models carrier interactions in international maritime freight transportation networks. Ocean carriers, land carriers and port terminal operators are considered. Port terminal operators, providing transportation services within a port complex, are regarded as a special type of the carrier, based on their behavior. The carriers make pricing and routing decisions at different parts of the multimodal network, having hierarchical relationships. Ocean carriers are regarded as the leaders in a maritime shipping market. Port terminal operators are the followers of ocean carriers as well as the leaders of land carriers. The individual carrier problem is formulated at each level using Nash equilibrium to find the optimal service charge and routing pattern for which each carrier obtains the greatest profit. Interactions among different types of carriers are captured in a three-level model. The concept of multi-leader-follower game is applied to a multi-level game. A numerical example is used to demonstrate the validity of the developed three-level model.

The Individual–Institutional Nexus of Protest Behaviour

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Dalton ◽  
Alix Van Sickle ◽  
Steven Weldon
Keyword(s):  
Political Development ◽  
Political Protest ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Micro Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Developed Nations ◽  
Industrial Societies ◽  
Protest Activity

Political protest is seemingly a ubiquitous aspect of politics in advanced industrial societies, and its use may be spreading to less developed nations as well. Our research tests several rival theories of protest activity for citizens across an exceptionally wide range of polities. With data from the 1999–2002 wave of the World Values Survey, we demonstrate that the macro-level context – levels of economic and political development – significantly influences the amount of popular protest. Furthermore, a multi-level model examines how national context interacts with the micro-level predictors of protest activity. The findings indicate that contemporary protest is expanding not because of increasing dissatisfaction with government, but because economic and political development provide the resources for those who have political demands.

scholarly journals A Longitudinal Trajectory of Loneliness and the COVID-19 Pandemic Among the Oldest-Old Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 1029-1029
Author(s):  
Jinmyoung Cho ◽  
Shinae Choi ◽  
Gelareh Rahimighazikalayeh ◽  
Peter Martin ◽  
Melinda Heinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Loneliness is significantly associated with health and well-being among oldest-old adults. Due to the outbreak of the COVID-19, physical and social distancing policies might elevate loneliness among the oldest-old population. This study examined the trends and changes in the prevalence of feeling lonely using the 2020 HRS COVID-19 module merged to the 15 waves of the HRS RAND longitudinal datasets from 1992 to 2018. A total of 14,371 respondents, including 614 respondents aged 80 years and older were included. Generalized linear models compared age group differences within the 2020 module. Generalized estimating equations assessed the longitudinal change at the individual level and the trend of feeling loneliness among oldest-old adults from 1992 to 2020. Loneliness was assessed with one item of the CES-D scale (i.e., during the past week, felt lonely). After adjusting for demographic characteristics and health, the results showed that oldest-old adults were more likely to feel lonely compared to younger age groups (18% for 80’s vs. 14% for 50’s) during the early months of the pandemic. A longitudinal trajectory also showed that they feel lonelier than in prior years (19% in 2020 vs. 14% in 2018). However, compared to same-age groups from earlier years, a significantly lower prevalence of feeling lonely was observed (18% in 2020 vs. 27% in 1994). The results show that the outbreak of the COVID-19 may elevate feeling lonely, but the recent cohorts be less lonely than earlier cohorts. Future research should continue to explore protective factors for loneliness among oldest-old adults.

scholarly journals ANALYZING THE RENT-TO-PRICE RATIO FOR THE HOUSING MARKET AT THE MICRO-SPATIAL SCALE

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-233
Author(s):  
Changro LEE ◽  
Keyho PARK
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Dynamics ◽  
Price Ratio ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Individual Property ◽  
Seasonal And Spatial Variations ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The rent-to-price ratio is one of the popular indicators for monitoring the property market. This study explores micro-scale spatial dynamics of the ratio for houses at the individual property level in Seoul, South Korea. We match the apartment unit sold and the one leased based on the carefully chosen criteria and apply a Bayesian multi-level modeling approach to this matched dataset. We employ the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) algorithm in order to estimate relevant parameters in the multi-level model. The ratio determinants found in the study include property age, apartment unit area, interest rate, and floor. This study also presents the importance of taking into account the hierarchical structure of apartment units, as well as seasonal and spatial variations when estimating the ratio and predicting future trends in the property market based on the ratio.

scholarly journals Assessing the Burden of COVID-19 in Developing Countries: Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Public Policy Implications

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Levin ◽  
Nana Owusu-Boaitey ◽  
Sierra Pugh ◽  
Bailey K. Fosdick ◽  
Anthony B. Zwi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
High Income ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
List Type ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Younger Age

AbstractIntroductionThe infection-fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 has been carefully measured and analyzed in high-income countries, whereas there has been no systematic analysis of age-specific seroprevalence or IFR for developing countries. Indeed, it has been suggested that the death rate in developing countries may be far lower than in high-income countries—an outcome that would be starkly different from the typical pattern for many other infectious diseases.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the literature to identify all serology studies in developing countries that were conducted using representative samples of specimens collected by early 2021. For each of the antibody assays used in these serology studies, we identified data on assay characteristics, including the extent of seroreversion over time. We analyzed the serology data using a Bayesian model that incorporates conventional sampling uncertainty as well as uncertainties about assay sensitivity and specificity. We then calculated IFRs using individual case reports or aggregated public health updates, including age-specific estimates whenever feasible.ResultsSeroprevalence in many developing country locations was markedly higher than in high-income countries but still far short of herd immunity. In most locations, seroprevalence among older adults was similar to that of younger age-groups. Age-specific IFRs were 1.3-2.5x higher than in high-income countries. The median value of population IFR was 0.5% among developing countries with satisfactory death reporting as of 2016, compared to a median of 0.05% for other developing countries.ConclusionThe burden of COVID-19 is far higher in developing countries than in high-income countries, reflecting a combination of elevated transmission to middle-aged and older adults as well as limited access to adequate healthcare. These results underscore the critical need to accelerate the provision of vaccine doses to vulnerable populations in developing countries.Key Points‐Age-specific prevalence and infection fatality rate (IFR) of COVID-19 for developing countries has not been well assessed.‐Seroprevalence in developing countries (as measured by antibodies against SARS-CoV-2) is markedly higher than in high-income countries but still far short of herd immunity.‐Seroprevalence among older adults is broadly similar to that of younger age-groups.‐Age-specific IFRs in developing countries are roughly twice those of high-income countries.‐Population IFR in developing countries with satisfactory death reporting (based on UN/WHO data as of 2016) is ten times higher than in other developing countries.‐These results underscore the urgency of disseminating vaccines to vulnerable people in developing countries.

scholarly journals How do union membership, union density and institutionalization affect perceptions of conflict between management and workers?

2020 ◽  
pp. 095968012096354
Author(s):  
Josef Ringqvist
Keyword(s):  
Trade Union ◽  
Union Membership ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Union Density ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Social

This article contributes to debates about trade unions and conflict by studying how individuals’ perceptions of conflicts between management and workers relate to trade union membership, country-level trade union density and institutionalization (collective bargaining coverage, centralization and policy concertation). Hierarchical multi-level models are fitted to data from the International Social Survey Programme from 2009. The results show that union members tend to be more likely than non-members to perceive management–worker conflicts and that this appears not to vary substantially between countries. However, regardless of union membership, individuals in countries with higher trade union density and with policy concertation tend to be significantly less likely to perceive conflicts. These findings highlight the risk of atomic fallacies in research limited to the individual-level effects of union membership. Contrary to an argument often raised by pluralists, neither bargaining coverage nor centralization has significant effects. Overall, the results question depictions of trade unions as divisive organizations.

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