Physical layer security analysis of a dual-hop hybrid RF-VLC system

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anshul Vats ◽  
Mona Aggarwal ◽  
Swaran Ahuja
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid System ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
Radiant Intensity ◽  
Intercept Probability ◽  
Receiving Antenna ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Expressions

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the secrecy performance of a dual-hop hybrid radio frequency–visible light communication (RF–VLC) system in which we consider a single source antenna (S) transmitting data signals via RF channel through decode and forward (DF) relay (R) toward an authorized receiving antenna (D) at the destination via VLC channel. In this system, we assume that the eavesdropper (E) attempts to eavesdrop the RF channel (S,R) during transmission of the signal. The relay decodes the incoming RF signal into corresponding optical signal and retransmits toward destination via VLC channel (R,D). The RF and VLC channels of the hybrid system are modelled using generalized-K fading distribution and generalized Lambertian radiant intensity distribution respectively. Also the receiver is assumed to be mobile and its mobility is defined by random waypoint (RWP) model. The channels statistics are used to derive the exact analytical expressions for average secrecy capacity and intercept probability in terms of Meijer’s G-function. The derived closed form analytical expressions are the efficient tool to illustrate the impact of variation in different channel parameters on the secrecy performance, namely, shadowing parameters of RF channel, field of view (FOV), semiangle, and the order of Lambertian emission of the VLC channel. Further, numerical analysis is carried out to support the mathematical analysis of the RF–VLC hybrid system.

scholarly journals Secrecy Performance Analysis of Hybrid RF/VLC Dual-Hop Relaying Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiaoli Liu ◽  
Jinyuan Wang ◽  
Bingyuan Zhang ◽  
Qinglin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Path Loss ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Visible Light Communication ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Electrical Signal ◽  
Closed Form Expression ◽  
Secrecy Outage Probability ◽  
Form Expression ◽  
Decode And Forward

In this article, the secrecy performance of a hybrid radio frequency (RF)/visible light communication (VLC) system is studied. In this hybrid system, the source node (i.e., Alice) transmits information to the relay node via the outdoor RF link. Nakagami-m fading and path loss are considered for the RF link. The relay node includes an outdoor component and an indoor component, which are connected by using a wired medium. The outdoor component receives and recovers information by using the decode-and-forward (DF) relaying scheme and then transmits it to the indoor component. The indoor component then converts the received electrical signal into an optical signal by using a light-emitting diode. A legitimate receiver (i.e., Bob) deployed on the floor receives the optical signal. An eavesdropper (i.e., Eve) deployed in the RF or VLC link wiretaps the confidential information. In this study, we use the secrecy outage probability (SOP) and the probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) to evaluate the system performance. We then obtain the closed-form expression for a lower bound on the SOP and an exact closed-form expression for the probability of SPSC when the RF and VLC links are wiretapped, respectively. Numerical results are presented to validate the accuracy of our derivations. We further discuss the effects of the noise standard deviation, the equivalent threshold of the signal-to-noise ratio, and the floor radius on the system secrecy performance when the VLC link is eavesdropped upon. For the case when the RF link is eavesdropped upon, the impacts of the distance between Alice and the relay, the path loss exponent, the fading factor, and the distance between Alice and Eve on secrecy performance are also provided.

scholarly journals Security Analysis of Multi-Antenna NOMA Networks Under I/Q Imbalance

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingwang Li ◽  
Mengle Zhao ◽  
Changsen Zhang ◽  
Wali Ullah Khan ◽  
Jun Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Base Station ◽  
Selection Combining ◽  
High Signal ◽  
Asymptotic Results ◽  
Intercept Probability ◽  
Outage Probabilities ◽  
Analytical Expressions

This paper investigates the reliability and security performance of the downlink non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) networks over Nakagami-m fading channels, where the base station (BS) aims to communicate with multi-antenna NOMA users in the presence of a multi-antenna eavesdropper. To be more practical, a detrimental factor at both transmitter and receiver is considered, namely in-phase and quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI). To further improve the reliability and security of the considered networks, the selection combining (SC) algorithm at the receiver is taken into account. More specifically, the exact analytical expressions for the outage probability (OP) and the intercept probability (IP) are derived in closed-form. To obtain a better understanding of the influence for the IQI parameters on the system performance, the asymptotic behaviors for the outage probabilities (OPs) in the high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region are analyzed. Based on the asymptotic results, the diversity order of the considered system are obtained and discussed. The numerical results are presented to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis.

scholarly journals PHYSICAL LAYER SECURITY OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK BASED ON OPPORTUNISTIC SCHEDULING

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 001
Author(s):  
Ivica Marjanović ◽  
Dejan Milić ◽  
Jelena Anastasov ◽  
Aleksandra Cvetković
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Network ◽  
Sensor Network ◽  
Physical Layer Security ◽  
Security Analysis ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Opportunistic Scheduling ◽  
Wiretap Channels ◽  
Intercept Probability ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, a physical layer security analysis of wireless sensor network in the presence of an attacker, employing opportunistic scheduling approach, is presented. The intended as well as unintended transmission paths experience the Weibull fading. A novel analytical expression for the intercept probability is derived. In order to emphasize the advantages of the opportunistic scheduling approach, a comparative analysis with round-robin and optimal scheduling schemes is also given. The impact of a number of active sensors and the impact of fading channel conditions over main and wiretap channels on the intercept probabilities is obtained. The accuracy of theoretical results is confirmed by independent Monte Carlo simulation results.

Relay Selection-aware Non-orthogonal Multiple Access Networks: Direct and Relaying Mode

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354
Author(s):  
Dinh-Thuan Do ◽  
Minh-Sang V. Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Relay Selection ◽  
Multiple Access ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
Selection Scheme ◽  
Fixed Power ◽  
Transmission Quality ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Outage Probabilities ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Impact

Objective: In this paper, Decode-and-Forward (DF) mode is deployed in the Relay Selection (RS) scheme to provide better performance in cooperative downlink Non-orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) networks. In particular, evaluation regarding the impact of the number of multiple relays on outage performance is presented. Methods: As main parameter affecting cooperative NOMA performance, we consider the scenario of the fixed power allocations and the varying number of relays. In addition, the expressions of outage probabilities are the main metric to examine separated NOMA users. By matching related results between simulation and analytical methods, the exactness of derived formula can be verified. Results: The intuitive main results show that in such cooperative NOMA networks, the higher the number of relays equipped, the better the system performance can be achieved. Conclusion: DF mode is confirmed as a reasonable selection scheme to improve the transmission quality in NOMA. In future work, we will introduce new relay selections to achieve improved performance.

scholarly journals Radiopharmaceutical and Eu3+ doped gadolinium oxide nanoparticles mediated triple-excited fluorescence imaging and image-guided surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Shi ◽  
Caiguang Cao ◽  
Zeyu Zhang ◽  
Jie Tian ◽  
Zhenhua Hu
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Probes ◽  
Signal Intensity ◽  
Tumor Imaging ◽  
Tumor Resection ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Gadolinium Oxide ◽  
Image Guided Surgery ◽  
Guided Surgery ◽  
Image Guided ◽  
The Impact

AbstractCerenkov luminescence imaging (CLI) is a novel optical imaging technique that has been applied in clinic using various radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals. However, clinical application of CLI has been limited by weak optical signal and restricted tissue penetration depth. Various fluorescent probes have been combined with radiopharmaceuticals for improved imaging performances. However, as most of these probes only interact with Cerenkov luminescence (CL), the low photon fluence of CL greatly restricted it’s interaction with fluorescent probes for in vivo imaging. Therefore, it is important to develop probes that can effectively convert energy beyond CL such as β and γ to the low energy optical signals. In this study, a Eu3+ doped gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3:Eu) was synthesized and combined with radiopharmaceuticals to achieve a red-shifted optical spectrum with less tissue scattering and enhanced optical signal intensity in this study. The interaction between Gd2O3:Eu and radiopharmaceutical were investigated using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG). The ex vivo optical signal intensity of the mixture of Gd2O3:Eu and 18F-FDG reached 369 times as high as that of CLI using 18F-FDG alone. To achieve improved biocompatibility, the Gd2O3:Eu nanoparticles were then modified with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and the resulted nanoprobe PVA modified Gd2O3:Eu (Gd2O3:Eu@PVA) was applied in intraoperative tumor imaging. Compared with 18F-FDG alone, intraoperative administration of Gd2O3:Eu@PVA and 18F-FDG combination achieved a much higher tumor-to-normal tissue ratio (TNR, 10.24 ± 2.24 vs. 1.87 ± 0.73, P = 0.0030). The use of Gd2O3:Eu@PVA and 18F-FDG also assisted intraoperative detection of tumors that were omitted by preoperative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Further experiment of image-guided surgery demonstrated feasibility of image-guided tumor resection using Gd2O3:Eu@PVA and 18F-FDG. In summary, Gd2O3:Eu can achieve significantly optimized imaging property when combined with 18F-FDG in intraoperative tumor imaging and image-guided tumor resection surgery. It is expected that the development of the Gd2O3:Eu nanoparticle will promote investigation and application of novel nanoparticles that can interact with radiopharmaceuticals for improved imaging properties. This work highlighted the impact of the nanoprobe that can be excited by radiopharmaceuticals emitting CL, β, and γ radiation for precisely imaging of tumor and intraoperatively guide tumor resection.

scholarly journals Computer Model for Financial, Environmental and Risk Analysis of a Wind–Diesel Hybrid System with Compressed Air Energy Storage

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 4054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Benchaabane ◽  
Rosa Elvira Silva ◽  
Hussein Ibrahim ◽  
Adrian Ilinca ◽  
Ambrish Chandra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Storage ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Hybrid System ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Compressed Air Energy Storage ◽  
The Impact

Remote and isolated communities in Canada experience gaps in access to stable energy sources and must rely on diesel generators for heat and electricity. However, the cost and environmental impact resulting from the use of fossil fuels, especially in local energy production, heating, industrial processes and transportation are compelling reasons to support the development and deployment of renewable energy hybrid systems. This paper presents a computer model for economic analysis and risk assessment of a wind–diesel hybrid system with compressed air energy storage. The proposed model is developed from the point of view of the project investor and it includes technical, financial, risk and environmental analysis. Robustness is evaluated through sensitivity analysis. The model has been validated by comparing the results of a wind–diesel case study against those obtained using HOMER (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, United States) and RETScreen (Natural Resources Canada, Government of Canada, Canada) software. The impact on economic performance of adding energy storage system in a wind–diesel hybrid system has been discussed. The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of such hybrid system as a suitable power generator in terms of high net present value and internal rate of return, low cost of energy, as well as low risk assessment. In addition, the environmental impact is positive since less fuel is used.

scholarly journals Evaluation of PLC Channel Capacity and ABER Performances for OFDM-Based Two-Hop Relaying Transmission

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Ezzine ◽  
Fatma Abdelkefi ◽  
Jean Pierre Cances ◽  
Vahid Meghdadi ◽  
Ammar Bouallégue
Keyword(s):  
Channel Capacity ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Relay Node ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Direct Link ◽  
Amplify And Forward ◽  
Decode And Forward ◽  
Maximum Ratio Combining ◽  
The Impact

Powerline network is recognized as a favorable infrastructure for Smart Grid to transmit information in the network thanks to its broad coverage and low cost deployment. The existing works are trying to improve and adapt transmission techniques to reduce Powerline Communication (PLC) channel attenuation and exploit the limited bandwidth to support high data rate over long distances. Two-hop relaying BroadBand PLC (BB-PLC) system, in which Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is used, is considered in this paper. We derive and compare the PLC channel capacity and the end-to-end Average BER (ABER) for OFDM-based direct link (DL) BB-PLC system and for OFDM-based two-hop relaying BB-PLC system for Amplify and Forward (AF) and Decode and Forward (DF) protocols. We analyze the improvements when we consider the direct link in a cooperative communication when the relay node only transmits the correctly decoded signal. Maximum ratio combining is employed at the destination node to detect the transmitted signal. In addition, in this paper, we highlight the impact of the relay location on the channel capacity and ABER for AF and DF transmission protocols. Moreover, an efficient use of the direct link was also investigated in this paper.

Strip yield model for multiple straight cracks with coalesced yield zones: A theoretical study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
S. Hasan ◽  
N. Akhtar ◽  
S. Shekhar
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Study ◽  
Multiple Cracks ◽  
Principle Of Superposition ◽  
Yield Model ◽  
Zone Length ◽  
Yield Zone ◽  
Strip Yield Model ◽  
Opening And Closing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Analytical Expressions

The paper presents a complicated case of coalescence of yield zones between two internal cracks out of four collinear straight cracks weakened an infinite isotropic plate. Two solutions are presented for the case of opening and closing of multiple cracks under general yielding conditions. Using these two solutions and the principle of superposition, we found the analytical expressions for load-bearing capacity of the plate using complex variable method. A numerical study has been carried out to investigate the behavior of yield zone length concerning remotely applied stresses at the boundary of the plate and the impact of two outer cracks on the propagation of inner cracks due to coalesced yield zones. Results obtained are reported graphically.

scholarly journals Security-Reliability Tradeoff Analysis in Multisource Multirelay Cooperative Networks with Multiple Cochannel Interferers

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Weilong Hu ◽  
Jiangbo Si ◽  
Hongyan Li
Keyword(s):  
Fading Channels ◽  
Physical Layer Security ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Cooperative Networks ◽  
Cooperative Relaying ◽  
Green Communication ◽  
Intercept Probability ◽  
Outage Probabilities ◽  
Reliability Performance ◽  
The Impact

Cooperative relaying communication is one of the green communication technologies since it shortens the communication distance and saves the transmit power. In this paper, the physical-layer security (PLS) of a multisource multirelay cooperative relaying communication network is investigated by considering the influence of cochannel interference from a security-reliability tradeoff (SRT) perspective. First, the SRT performance is characterized by the outage probability (OP) and the intercept probability (IP). In particular, the IP encountered at the eavesdropper is used to evaluate the security performance, while the reliability performance is analyzed in terms of the OP experienced at the destination. Then, under the impact of multiple cochannel interferers, the intercept probabilities and the outage probabilities of both the conventional direct transmission (DT) strategy and relay selection (RS) strategy are derived in closed-form expressions over Rayleigh fading channels, respectively. Simulation results are provided to validate the theoretical analysis. It is shown that when the OP (reliability) requirement is relaxed, the IP (security) performance improves and vice versa. It confirms that there is an SRT existing between the OP and the IP. Meanwhile, a better SRT performance can be achieved by increasing the number of sources, relays, and cochannel interferers. In addition, it is also shown that the RS strategy generally outperforms the conventional DT strategy in terms of the product of the IP and the OP.

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