Abstract
Newton stated third law of motion in the Principia implies that action and reaction are always equal and opposite in all possible cases (i.e. universally). The action and reaction occur in pairs simultaneously and inherently. In the Principia Newton gave examples to elaborate statement of the law expressing action and reaction in terms of push or pull (force). In the current physics the action and reaction as such are not regarded as physical quantities because units and dimensions are not assigned to action and reaction directly. Practically Newton initiated physics (without mathematical equations) separating it from natural philosophy. Here very sensitive aspect of the law is elaborated. In experiments we may have bodies of different materials such as wool, wood, cloth, spring, steel, rubber, clay, kneaded flour, chewing gum, sponge, typical plastic, porous material, air / fluid filled artifact, etc. The intrinsic characteristics of various bodies (inherent composition, nature, flexibility, elasticity, plasticity, rigidity, magnitude, size, distinctiveness of interacting bodies or mode of interactions, and other relevant factors like surfaces on which bodies interact.) may be different. Likewise, bodies may have different shapes (spherical, semi-spherical, umbrella shaped, triangular, square, cone, long pipe, flat, irregular or any possible shape). It has to be verified in all cases specifically. Newton has not mentioned about characteristics of target. The third law must be specifically confirmed in various simple experiments with the latest technological equipment. The quantitative nature of falling and rebounding bodies (preferably in vacuum) must be studied. In some qualitative observations the shape of bodies appears to be a significant factor. So, the law has been theoretically modified as reaction is proportional to action i.e. Reaction =- Q Action, where Q is coefficient of proportionality (accounts for shape of body and other factors which are not accounted for original form of the law). The effect of shape is equally applicable in one dimensional elastic collision. The collisions are theoretically studied but in typical experiments, shape of bodies play significant role. In 2016 in EM Drive experiments some deviations have been reported by NASA from third law, but the results are still inconclusive. Thus, the proposed experiments may lead to significant results in Newtonian Mechanics.
Self-Actualization, Psychological Well-Being and Daily Hassles during Adulthood
