The Failure of Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (establishment etc.) Act 2004 as a Development Act

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-171
Author(s):  
Somadina Ibe-Ojiludu
Keyword(s):  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Set Up

Abstract This write-up answered the question of why the 2004 Act which set up Nigeria’s Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) has failed to tame corruption in Nigeria. Reflecting on the numerous cases of political interference in the activities of the EFCC, the lack of some adequate funding of the activities of the commission and the EFCC’s plea bargaining regime, and relying on the thoughts of Charles Sherman and Ann Seidman and Robert Seidman, the write-up submits that the 2004 Act has principally failed to check corruption – and by extension has failed as a development Act – because it was not drafted and implemented for development.

The EPPO and the pitfalls of actuarial justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-280
Author(s):  
Marianne L. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Criminal Justice Systems ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Significant Step ◽  
Financial Interests ◽  
Victim Protection ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Deal Making ◽  
The Eu

The article offers a critique of the current structure of the EPPO from a victim rights perspective. It observes that the creation of the EPPO revolutionizes the institutional set-up of EU criminal justice by creating a supranational body to address the enforcement gaps identified in the protection of the financial interests of the EU. Unsurprisingly, this breakthrough has met with resistance from the Member States, which have directed their scepticism into the structural, procedural and substantive provisions for this new office. By consequently tying the EPPO to national law in a plethora of instances, they have created a body which primarily addresses serious financial crimes within the framework of domestic criminal justice systems. However, these approaches are, in turn, heavily marked by a pragmatic concept of actuarial justice, with negotiation and plea-bargaining as the dominant practices across Europe. Article 40 of the EPPO Regulation ensures that there is scope for such practice to be adopted for cases falling within the EPPO’s competence. Highlighting the problems associated with prosecutorial deal-making, the article reflects upon the appropriateness of adopting such practice for the EPPO. It tentatively argues that a more honest recognition of the supranational nature of the EPPO (also reflected in its procedural rules) and of the type of victimization it seeks to address, might have instigated a productive dialogue ensuring the EPPO’s work is framed with reference to serving a community and securing victim protection. Above all, this would have constituted a significant step towards ensuring that the EPPO’s work is legitimate and perceived as such by the EU citizens it seeks to serve and protect from victimization.

scholarly journals Task force set up to combat threat of political interference

Nature ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 426 (6964) ◽  
pp. 218-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Check
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Set Up

Heroin prescription for heroin addiction – an English view

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Carnwath
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Good Practice ◽  
Heroin Addiction ◽  
Home Office ◽  
Adequate Funding ◽  
New Information ◽  
Heroin Prescription ◽  
Opiate Addicts ◽  
Set Up

Heroin has been prescribed in England for the treatment of heroin addiction for almost 100 years. For many years, England was almost the only country where this occurred, and the British system was consequently the subject of international curiosity. In spite of this long history, very little research has been carried out locally, and until recently, there were no guidelines as to best practice. In 1965, it was decided that only doctors with a Home Office license could prescribe heroin. Since that time, the proportion of opiate addicts treated with heroin has greatly diminished, as has the number of doctors willing to prescribe. One doctor in particular remained an enthusiastic proponent of heroin prescription. His claims impressed some Swiss clinicians, who proceeded to establish a multicentre trial in Switzerland. This was followed by a similar trial in the Netherlands. These trials apparently indicated that a proportion of treatment-resistant opiate addicts could respond well to heroin, although the researchers' conclusions have been disputed. The National Treatment Agency in England is now developing guidelines for good practice based on this new information and is planning to set up some pilot sites. It is likely that practise in England will remain somewhat different from continental practice, particularly with respect to long-term supervised injecting. It is unclear how much funding will be released to support heroin prescription. Without adequate funding, it is likely to disappear.

scholarly journals The Extent of Voluntariness in Plea Bargaining for Economic and Financial Crimes in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Danjuma ◽  
Gan Ching Chuan
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Plea Bargaining ◽  
Criminal Court ◽  
The Other ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
The Law

The concept of plea bargaining has globally been recognised and applied in criminal trials so as to enable the accused person to have lighter punishment or to be charge with a lesser offence in a criminal court, while the prosecutor on the other hand will secure conviction. Plea bargaining accommodates the consensual agreement between an accused person and the prosecutor in respect of the case against the accused which is subject to court’s approval or acceptance. In Nigeria, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) is empowered by law to compound offences and to dispose financial and other related offences against the accused persons. Hence, EFCC uses its discretion to apply plea bargaining to some of the cases it prosecutes with the aim of securing conviction and to recover the illegally acquired property from the accused. In the case of Dieprieye Alamiesiegha, after an agreement was reached between him and the prosecutor (EFCC), instead of him pleading guilty as required by law in Nigeria, he explained the reasons why he pleaded guilty. This article examines the cases of plea bargaining in Nigeria and analyses whether or not the admission of guilt by the accused is voluntarily made or is motivated and influenced by some extraneous factors. This article finds that based on the cases analysed, the acceptance of plea bargaining in Nigeria by the accused persons as applied by the EFCC were not made freely and voluntarily as required by the law and best practices in other jurisdictions. This is because the accused persons were forced into it by some certain extraneous factors that were initiated and proffered by the EFCC against provision of the law.

Middle East militias reshape politics and business

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
New Governance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Oil Companies ◽  
Arab Uprisings ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Local Actors ◽  
Weapons Procurement ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Impact

Subject The impact of the rise of militias on the Middle East. Significance From Iraq and Syria to Libya and Yemen, the collapse of security states has led to a radical multiplication of local militias and new governance mechanisms. Increasingly, militias set up in the wake of the Arab uprisings of 2011 are coalescing into more sophisticated political blocs with their own weapons procurement and management, political proxies and administrative structures. Doing business in this landscape will require substantial nimbleness and adaptation. Impacts Powerful local actors in Iraq, Libya, Syria and Yemen will seek to attract investment in their constituencies. However, capital movement in these countries will be exposed to interference or seizure. Oil companies in particular are likely to find their payments to central governments at greater risk of political interference.

scholarly journals Forensic Accounting and Incidence of Fraud Detection

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 72-81
Author(s):  
Bello Umar ◽  
Umar Abbas Ibrahim ◽  
Peter Eriki
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Fraud Detection ◽  
Further Training ◽  
Forensic Accounting ◽  
Financial Crimes ◽  
Investigative Techniques ◽  
Personal Skills ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

The study described and explained forensic accounting and the incidence of fraud detection in Nigeria. The objectives of this study were to identify personal skills requirements and, assess the types of investigative techniques used in forensic accounting. A literature review was conducted to set up the conceptual and theoretical framework for the study. A quantitative approach was used by administering a structured questionnaire. A total of 101 investigators from Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) were used as sample for the study. We employed Jarque Bera statistics to conduct the analysis using the E views software. There is a significant relationship between forensic accounting personal skills; investigative techniques and fraud detection in Nigeria. The scope of the study was only in Nigeria and all samples were drawn from the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). The study concluded despite all fraudulent activities, forensic accounting is proffering solutions for fraud prevention and detection in Nigeria.  It was recommended for practitioners to engage in further training on forensic accounting personal skills and techniques.

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quartz Grains

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Eels Under Standing Wave Conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 492-495
Author(s):  
O.L. Krivanek ◽  
J. TaftØ
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Site ◽  
Complex Crystal

It is well known that a standing electron wavefield can be set up in a crystal such that its intensity peaks at the atomic sites or between the sites or in the case of more complex crystal, at one or another type of a site. The effect is usually referred to as channelling but this term is not entirely appropriate; by analogy with the more established particle channelling, electrons would have to be described as channelling either through the channels or through the channel walls, depending on the diffraction conditions.

Low-Loss Images in a Stem/Tem Microscope

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 496-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Joy ◽  
Dennis M. Maher
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Glancing Angle ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Objective Type

High-resolution images of the surface topography of solid specimens can be obtained using the low-loss technique of Wells. If the specimen is placed inside a lens of the condenser/objective type, then it has been shown that the lens itself can be used to collect and filter the low-loss electrons. Since the probeforming lenses in TEM instruments fitted with scanning attachments are of this type, low-loss imaging should be possible.High-resolution, low-loss images have been obtained in a JEOL JEM 100B fitted with a scanning attachment and a thermal, fieldemission gun. No modifications were made to the instrument, but a wedge-shaped, specimen holder was made to fit the side-entry, goniometer stage. Thus the specimen is oriented initially at a glancing angle of about 30° to the beam direction. The instrument is set up in the conventional manner for STEM operation with all the lenses, including the projector, excited.

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