Sinitic as a typological sandwich: revisiting the notions of Altaicization and Taicization

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pui Yiu Szeto ◽  
Chingduang Yurayong
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Grammatical Variation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Typological Variation ◽  
Sinitic Languages

Abstract Decades of works dedicated to the description of (previously) lesser-known Sinitic languages have effectively dispelled the common myth that these languages share a single “universal Chinese grammar”. Yet, the underlying cause of their grammatical variation is still a matter for debate. This paper focuses on typological variation across Sinitic varieties. Through comparing the typological profiles of various Sinitic languages with those of their Altaic and Mainland Southeast Asian (MSEA) neighbors, we discuss to what extent the variation within the Sinitic branch can be attributed to areal diffusion. Taking into account over 360 language varieties of seven different genetic affiliations (Sinitic, Turkic, Mongolic, Tungusic, Hmong-Mien, Tai-Kadai, Austroasiatic) and 30 linguistic features, we conduct a typological survey with the aid of the phylogenetic program NeighborNet. Our results suggest that convergence towards their non-Sinitic neighbors has likely played a pivotal role in the typological diversity of Sinitic languages. Based primarily on their degree of Altaic/MSEA influence, the Sinitic varieties in our database are classified into four areal groups, namely 1) Northern, 2) Transitional, 3) Central Southeastern, 4) Far Southern. This classification scheme reflects the intricate interplay between areal convergence, regional innovations, and retention of archaic features.

Relating regional crises and political cohesion from an ASEAN and EU-ASEAN perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 93-105
Author(s):  
Naila Maier-Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Institutional Development ◽  
International Community ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Asian Region ◽  
Common Concern ◽  
The Common ◽  
Regional Grouping

In December 2015, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) celebrated the official establishment of the ASEAN Community. Having emerged in 1967 as a regional grouping of developing countries with minimal shared interests—beyond the common concern of economic growth and national resilience, ASEAN now has established regional structures which have been vital in enhancing development and dialogue on a broad range of issues across the Southeast Asian region. Over the years, the institutional development at the regional level has been accompanied by various efforts to promote regional unity and identity. The more recent years have also displayed that the international community has been supporting these efforts for ASEAN unity and identity by showing greater recognition of ASEAN as an international actor in its own right, for example, through the establishment of numerous country delegations to ASEAN.

scholarly journals Potential Conflict Among ASEAN Member States in The Implementation of The ASEAN Economic Community

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 236
Author(s):  
Sugiarto Pramono ◽  
Anna Yulia Hartati ◽  
Adi Joko Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Structural Realism ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Asean Member ◽  
Conflict Situations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Asean Economic Community

The findings in this article defy the common assumption that the free market, including the formation of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in Southeast Asia, is correlated with the creation of a spillover and complex interdependency, reducing conflicts between countries in the region. This finding could well contribute as a theory in the academic sphere and as policies in the practical world. The author uses a theoretical framework of structural realism to explain the potential conflict between countries of the Southeast Asian region. There are four potential conflict situations among countries in the implementation of AEC: firstly, the structure of economic disparity. This situation would construct an identity of in-group – out-group or “us” versus “them” in the context of who gains and loses in the AEC. Secondly, similarity of natural resources. This fact led the Southeast Asian countries to compete and create standardization wherein each party is in hostile competition to claim valid findings and arguments associated with efforts to reduce or stop the flow of imports into their respective countries. Thirdly, competition among businesses, in which AEC constructed free market could potentially provoke the emergence of regional trading cartel. Fourthly, the structure of military power. Historical records show that any economic growth occurring in a country will be accompanied by the growth of its military budget.

CONVERGENCE AND THE FORMATION OF AFRIKAANS

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Roberge
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Historical Linguistics ◽  
Important Case ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
History Of

As a phenomenon to be explained, convergence in historical linguistics is substantively no different than in creolistics. The general idea is that accommodation by speakers of “established” languages in contact and the formation of new language varieties both involve a process of leveling of different structures that achieve the same referential and nonreferential effects. The relatively short and well-documented history of Afrikaans presents an important case study in the competition and selection of linguistic features during intensive language contact.

scholarly journals Constructing Women’s Language and Shifting Gender Identity through Intralingual Translanguaging

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1261
Author(s):  
Eriko Sato
Keyword(s):  
Gender Identity ◽  
Group Identity ◽  
First Person ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Dominant Ideology ◽  
Language Varieties ◽  
Modernization Process

Japanese has many language varieties based on users’ social attributes such as gender, age and occupation. Regardless of whether each variety represents how people actually speak, each of them has a specific set of linguistic features and a socio-psychological group identity of its users. This paper analyzes women’s language (onna kotoba) and the use of gender-sensitive first-person pronouns (e.g., (w)atashi, boku, ore, jibun) in Japanese based on the perspective of translanguaging and a multifaceted model of the theory of identity. It shows that women’s language in Japanese was constructed by deploying some of the linguistic features of multiple language varieties that have developed in different contexts while being shaped by male-dominant ideology during Japan’s modernization process. It also shows how gender-sensitive linguistic boundaries are manipulated moment by moment by language users, affecting their master, interactional, personal, and/or relational identities.

scholarly journals The use of specific linguistic features within the context of a casual conversation in a speech community

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 294-309
Author(s):  
Ekiyokere Ekiye
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Common Language ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Phonological Variation ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Grammatical Variation ◽  
Turn Taking ◽  
Discourse Variation

There seems to be nothing remarkable about the interaction between two interlocutors who have never been in contact with each other. These persons are able to understand themselves in contact situations because most times, a common language of communication is known that can sustain the exchange for the time necessary. However, when such exchange is between individuals with some level of contact or familiarity, the concept of speech community comes into play. The concept is useful but may be problematic at times and one cannot avoid applying this idea when trying to make sense of the process that takes place in the conversation, specifically a causal conversation. The aim of this sociolinguistic study is to explain how individuals are able to build social history, construct interactional talk, maintain relations with each other and reinforce solidarity from a two hour audio recorded conversation (ARC) between an ethnic Indian and a Nigerian in Marylebone, London using interactional socio-linguistic and conversation analytic. By doing so, the concept of a speech community as well as how a group can be identified as being members of a community is understood. A particular focus is paid to such linguistic features as the register of conversation, turn taking, discourse variation, phonological variation and grammatical variation characteristic of London, Nigerian and Indian English observed in the speech of the participants and how these features function to build and maintain relations. Keywords: Speech community, Casual conversation, Linguistic features, Sociolinguistics, ARC

Exploring Novel Strategies for Lipid-Based Drug Delivery

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Sabna Kotta ◽  
Navneet Sharma ◽  
Prateek Raturi ◽  
Mohd Aleem ◽  
Rakesh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Formulation Development ◽  
The Common ◽  
Do So

Currently, the concept of lipid-based drug delivery systems has gained much interest because of their capability to deliver drugs which dissolve sparingly in water or insoluble in nature. Several methods of lipid-based drug delivery exist, and each method has its own advantages as well as limitations. The primary objective of the formulation development is to improve the bioavailability of the drug. The nano-sized lipid-based drug delivery systems have enough potential to do so. This article addresses the various barriers to the transportation of drugs through certain routes and also the common excipients which used to develop the lipid-based drug delivery systems. It provides a thorough overview of the lipid formulation classification scheme (LFCS) and also deals with several formulation & evaluation aspects of lipid-based drug delivery system. Further, it focuses on the formulations which are already available in the market and their regulatory concerns, respectively.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Diana S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Major Player ◽  
Colonial Government

This introductory chapter establishes the bureaucracy as a major player in the prohibition of opium in Southeast Asian colonial government. It argues that local administrators stationed in each colony are key to understanding when and how drug reforms were possible. Prohibition involved unraveling a state's deep-seated opium entanglements—a process enabled by a loss of confidence deep within the bureaucracy about the drug's contributions to colonial government. Local administrators played a pivotal role in constructing official problems, which internally eroded the legitimacy of opium's commercial life for European colonial states across Southeast Asia. From here, the chapter discusses the possible contributions such a study into bureaucracies and opium can make for scholarship, and also presents the method and sources underpinning this work.

Homophobia in Twentieth-Century Music: The Crucible of America's Sound

Daedalus ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
Nadine Hubbs
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
American Culture ◽  
Gertrude Stein ◽  
White Male ◽  
Social Identities ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Man

Challenging notions of the composer as solitary genius and of twentieth-century homophobia as a simple destructive force, I trace a new genealogy of Coplandian tonal modernism–“America's sound” as heard in works like “Rodeo,” “Appalachian Spring,” and “Fanfare for the Common Man” – and glean new sociosexual meanings in “cryptic” modernist abstraction like that of Gertrude Stein and Virgil Thomson's opera “Four Saints in Three Acts.” I consider gay white male tonalists collectively to highlight how shared social identities shaped production and style in musical modernism, and I recast gay composers' close-knit social/sexual/creative/professional alliances as, not sexually nepotistic cabals, but an adaptive and richly productive response to the constraints of an intensely homophobic moment. The essay underscores the pivotal role of the new hetero/homo concept in twentieth-century American culture, and of queer impetuses in American artistic modernism.

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