Anthelmintic Resistance and Associated Management Practices in Local Horses in Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria

Abstract This study was carried out to assess the management practices used in the control of gastrointestinal (GI) nematodes of horses and to determine the efficacy of three anthelmintics commonly used in Sokoto metropolis. A questionnaire was administered on management practices, while an anthelmintic efficacy test was carried out using 15 horses. The 15 horses were divided into three groups (A, B and C) comprising of 5 each and treated with albendazole, ivermectin and fenbendazole, respectively. The faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was used to determine the efficacy and faecal culture was used to determine the parasite species. Majority of the respondents (80%) claimed to have worm control strategies, but only 32.5% used anthelmintics for the control of GI parasites. 62.5% of respondents designed their deworming plan, while only 25% relied on veterinarians. Most of the treatments were done by the horse owners and/or handlers and they largely depended on visual judgement in dosage determination. Their selection of anthelmintics was based on familiarity and 52.5% of the respondents dewormed their horses six times a year using a particular class of anthelmintic or herbal remedies. Resistance against albendazole as well as suspected resistance against fenbendazole by the GI nematodes identified was observed, while ivermectin demonstrated high efficacy against all nematodes isolated. In conclusion, a single dose of subcutaneous injection of ivermectin was highly effective against gastrointestinal parasites in horses, while the worm control strategies employed by respondents enhanced the selection of nematode resistance to albendazole and fenbendazole.

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A survey of control strategies for equine small strongyles in Lithuania

Helminthologia ◽

10.2478/helm-2021-0031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 225-232

Author(s):

E. Dauparaitė ◽

T. Kupčinskas ◽

J. Hoglund ◽

S. Petkevičius

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Diagnostic Methods ◽

Macrocyclic Lactones ◽

Multiple Choice Questions ◽

Pasture Management ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

The World ◽

Worm Control

Summary Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in equine cyathostomins is being reported all over the world. In Lithuania, however, the last study on this subject was published more than fifteen years ago, thus little is known about the current situation. The aim of this study was to determine the factors that may associated with the development of AR on equine studs in Lithuania. A questionnaire containing seven open-ended and nine closed multiple-choice questions about worm control strategies, use of anthelmintic substances and stable management practices was posted to 71 randomly selected horse establishments in Lithuania. Replies were obtained from a total of 59 stables, representing 83 % of officially established stud farms in Lithuania. The results showed that more than 80 % of these establishments performed pasture management practices such as excrement removal from stables and pasture, 56 % mowed their pasture, 31 % practised mixed or rotational grazing with other species, and 97 % of the horses were routinely dewormed. Macrocyclic lactones (ML) (58 %, n=33) were the most commonly used drugs, followed by benzimidazoles (BZ) (24 %, n=14) and tetrahydropyrimidines (THP) (19 %, n=10). The majority of farms (60 %) treated horses four times per year and 68 % estimated the weight of the horses by eye before treatment. About 36 % of respondents had heard of faecal egg counts (FEC), but only 17 % used the test and as few as 9 % had tested their herds for AR with faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT). The results demonstrate that there is scope for improving routines for worm control in many horse establishments in Lithuania. In order to increase knowledge and reduce the risk of the spread of AR, diagnostic methods should be adopted in a collaboration between stud farms and veterinary practitioners.

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Anthelmintic Drugs Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Naturally Infected Goats in Haramaya, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.13752/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Anteneh Wondimu ◽

Yehualashet Bayu

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Narrow Range ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Treated Group ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Global Threat ◽

Anthelmintic Drugs

Abstract Background: The occurrence of anthelmintic resistance to commonly used drugs is becoming worldwide constrain in livestock production. Considering the narrow range of available drugs and slow rate of new drug development, anthelmintic resistance presents an alarming global threat demanding vigilant monitoring and management. It is likely that anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal goats present in Ethiopia, but little information regarding the prevalence and species of nematode resistance to drugs is available. Current study done with objective to assess anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats to commonly used anthelmintic drugs. Results: The result of the FECRT % and lower 95% confidence limit reported the presence of anthelmintic resistance for tested drugs; albendazole (41.5%, 36.9), tetraclozan (69.5%, 66.1), tetramisole (91.1%, 87.4) and ivermectin (43%, 38.2) respectively. Trichostrongylus spp, Teladorsagia spp and Haemonchus spp showed anthelmintic resistance for all tested drugs. Coproculture from different treated group revealed of Trichostrongylus spp (69.2% in ivermectin and 59.6% in albendazole) was the predominant nematode followed by Teladorsagia spp (21.9% in albendazole and 14.7% in ivermectin). In tetraclozan treatment group, Trichostrongylus spp (42%) and Teladorsagia spp (41.3%) were comparable, followed by Haemonchus spp (13%). In group treated with tetramisole, Teladorsagia spp (54.3%) was the major nematode detected followed by Trichostrongylus spp (25.7%) and Haemonchus spp (11.4%). Conclusions: The study demonstrated the presence of multi-drug resistant nematodes mainly Trichostrongylus spp, Teladorsagia spp and Haemonchus spp. Control strategies including management practices of pasture rotation, supplementary feeding and encouraging traditional nematode control methods. Further studies covering wider areas of Ethiopia and mechanism of nematode resistance need to be studied in future.

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Genetic control of host resistance to ruminant gastrointestinal parasites

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200008899 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 2002 ◽

pp. 233-234

Author(s):

S.C. Bishop ◽

M.J. Stear

Keyword(s):

Genetic Control ◽

Host Resistance ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Animal Health ◽

Global Scale ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Nematode Parasites ◽

Enhanced Resistance ◽

Selection Of

On a global scale, ruminant diseases caused by gastrointestinal parasite infection are the diseases with the greatest impact upon animal health and productivity (Perry et al., 2002). The problems associated with anthelmintic resistance amongst nematode parasites are well known, and considerable effort is now being made to devise alternative and complementary control strategies. Selection of animals with enhanced resistance is one such control strategy. This paper considers the genetic control of host resistance to gastrointestinal parasites and the selection of host animals with genetically enhanced resistance.

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Anthelmintic Drugs Resistance of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Naturally Infected Goats in Haramaya, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.13752/v2 ◽

2022 ◽

Author(s):

Anteneh Wondimu ◽

Yehualashet Bayu

Keyword(s):

Experimental Investigation ◽

Treatment Group ◽

Confidence Limit ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Reduction Test ◽

Faecal Egg Count

Abstract Gastrointestinal parasites and their anthelmintic resistance are major constraints to goat production in Ethiopia. Experimental investigation by faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) and larval cultures were used to assess the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in naturally infected goats with gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in Haramaya, Ethiopia. One hundred goats with a minimum of 150 eggs per gram (EPG) count were selected and randomly divided into five groups; 20 goats in each group; four treated and one untreated group. The result of the faecal egg count reduction test percentage (FECRT%) and the lower 95% confidence limit showed the presence of anthelmintic resistance for all tested drugs except tetramisole. FECRT% and lower 95% confidence limit were 69.9% and 36.9 for albendazole, 84.3% and 66.1 for tetraclozan, 95.7% and 87.4 for tetramisole and 71.1% and 38.2 for ivermectin respectively. Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Haemonchus showed anthelmintic resistance for tested drugs. Coproculture from different treatment group revealed Trichostrongylus (69.2% in ivermectin and 59.6% in albendazole) were the predominant nematode followed by Teladorsagia (21.9% in albendazole and 14.7% in ivermectin). In tetraclozan treatment group, Trichostrongylus (42%) and Teladorsagia (41.3%) were comparable, followed by Haemonchus (13%). In group treated with tetramisole, Teladorsagia (54.3%) were the most frequently detected nematode followed by Trichostrongylus (25.7%) and Haemonchus (11.4%). Therefore, this study demonstrated the presence of multi-drug resistant nematodes that may limit the productivity of goats. Moreover, further studies covering wider areas of Ethiopia and mechanisms of nematode resistance need to be studied in future.

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Anthelmintic efficacy of selected medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in Kenya

The Journal of Phytopharmacology ◽

10.31254/phyto.2018.7202 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 111-115

Author(s):

JK Muthee ◽

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Herbal Remedies ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Traditional Health ◽

Health Practitioners ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Traditional Practitioners ◽

And Control ◽

Myrsine Africana

The use of plants, or their extracts, for the treatment of human and animal ailments, including helminthosis is steeped in antiquity. Anthelmintic resistance in pathogenic helminths has been spreading in prevalence and severity to a point where there is multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. This globe-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plants, which are commonly used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, under the natural grazing conditions in Loitoktok Sub-County of Kenya. The plant species (Albizia anthelmintica, Myrsine africana, and Embelia schimperi were selected based on their availability and ethnopharmacological uses, as anthelmintics, by the traditional health practitioners in the area. Fifty sheep of mixed breeds, belonging to local herders, and naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes were recruited for the study. The herbal remedies were prepared and administered by methods prescribed by the traditional practitioners. Their efficacy was determined using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The percentage faecal egg count reduction against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was 59, -11, -31 and 87 for Myrsine africana, A. anthelmintica, E. schimperi and albendazole respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies have some efficacy and further studies are needed to evaluate their potential as anthelmintics. There was also suspicion of development of anthemintic resistance to albendazole and herders needed to be advised accordingly on the proper use of conventional anthelmintic products

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Worm-control practices and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance using in vivo FECRTs on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania

Helminthologia ◽

10.1515/helmin-2015-0064 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 53 (1) ◽

pp. 24-30 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

T. Kupčinskas ◽

I. Stadalienė ◽

A. Šalomskas ◽

P. Trusevičius ◽

M. Varady ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Parasitic Nematodes ◽

Future Studies ◽

Faecal Samples ◽

Two Samples ◽

Faecal Egg Count ◽

Worm Control

SummaryThis study determined the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania from April to November 2014. Faecal samples were collected from two groups of 10-15 sheep treated with fenbendazole (FBZ) or ivermectin (IVM) on 18 sheep farms. Two samples were collected from each group: on day zero (T1) and 10-14 days after treatment. Faecal egg counts (eggs per gramme, EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique. Animals with < 140 EPG on day zero were removed from the analysis. The prevalence of AR was estimated using the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test. AR to FBZ was detected on three of 15 farms where FBZ was used (20 %) and was suspected on one farm (6.7 %). AR to IVM was detected on two of 16 farms where IVM was used (12.5 %). The main species of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) identified after treatment were Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. A questionnaire surveying 71 sheep farmers estimated that 71.8 % of sheep farmers used anthelmintics against GINs. IVM was the most frequently (68.6 %) applied anthelmintic, and 62.7 % of the respondents reported treating their animals twice a year. This study confirmed the presence of AR to GIN infections on sheep farms in Lithuania. Future studies should assess the prevalence of AR to GIN infection using in vitro methods.

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Anthelmintic resistance and novel control options in equine gastrointestinal nematodes

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182018001786 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 146 (4) ◽

pp. 425-437 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ali Raza ◽

Abdul Ghaffar Qamar ◽

Khizar Hayat ◽

Shoaib Ashraf ◽

Andrew R. Williams

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Early Stage ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Field Studies ◽

Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽

Feed Additives ◽

Macrocyclic Lactones ◽

Fecal Egg Count ◽

Worm Control ◽

And Control

AbstractControl of equine nematodes has relied on benzimidazoles (BZs), tetrahydropyrimidines and macrocyclic lactones. The intensive use of anthelmintics has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in equine cyathostomins and Parascaris equorum. Field studies indicate that BZ and pyrantel resistance is widespread in cyathostomins and there are also increasing reports of resistance to macrocyclic lactones in cyathostomins and P. equorum. The unavailability of reliable laboratory-based techniques for detecting resistance further augments the problem of nematode control in horses. The only reliable test used in horses is the fecal egg count reduction test; therefore, more focus should be given to develop and validate improved methodologies for diagnosing AR at an early stage, as well as determining the mechanisms involved in resistance development. Therefore, equine industry and researchers should devise and implement new strategies for equine worm control, such as the use of bioactive pastures or novel feed additives, and control should increasingly incorporate alternative and evidence-based parasite control strategies to limit the development of AR. This review describes the history and prevalence of AR in equine nematodes, along with recent advances in developing resistance diagnostic tests and worm control strategies in horses, as well as giving some perspective on recent research into novel control strategies.

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Resistencia a los antihelmínticos: origen, desarrollo y control.

Ciencia y Tecnología Agropecuaria ◽

10.21930/rcta.vol4_num1_art:14 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 55 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Dildo Márquez Lara

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Control Strategies ◽

Small Ruminants ◽

Nematode Resistance ◽

Development Of Resistance ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Wide Range ◽

And Control

Una variada gama de antihelmínticos modernos, con espectro amplio y alto grado de eficacia, como los benzimidazoles, los agonistas nicotínicos y las lactonas macrocíclicas, se encuentran disponibles comercialmente en el mundo para el control de las infecciones causadas por helmintos en rumiantes. El uso intensivo y la administración inadecuada de antihelmínticos, en épocas y grupos de rumiantes no apropiados, han contribuido al desarrollo de resistencia a estas sustancias, lo que constituye un obstáculo importante para el control de los endoparásitos. La resistencia antihelmíntica se ha reportado principalmente en pequeños rumiantes y es escasa la información relacionada con los nemátodos de bovinos. Se han identificado algunos factores aceleradores del proceso de desarrollo de resistencia, entre ellos factores genéticos, reproductivos y ecológicos de los parásitos, así como factores de orden antrópico, siendo la resistencia una característica heredable. El aumento de la resistencia a los antihelmínticos en la última década, así como los requerimientos de información sobre su ocurrencia e incidencia, han señalado la necesidad de desarrollar y estandarizar técnicas más sensibles para su detección. Hay varias técnicas disponibles in vivo e in vitro útiles para detectar la resistencia antihelmíntica, si bien la prueba de Reducción del Conteo de Huevos Fecales (RCH) es la más usada. La detección temprana de esta condición es un factor esencial para el control estratégico de los endoparásitos a fin de preservar la eficacia de los antihelmínticos. La presente revisión propone diferentes alternativas, químicas y no químicas, para el control de helmintos con el objeto de retardar la aparición de resistencia. Anthelmintic resistance: origin, development and controlA wide range of modern anthelmintics, with broad-spectrum and high efficacy to control helminth infections in ruminants, are commercially available, such as benzimidazoles, nicotinic agonist and macrocyclic lactones.The intensive use and inadequated dosages of anthelmintics in ruminants have contributed to develop resistance, becoming the main threat to control endoparasites. Anthelmintic resistance has been reported mainly in small ruminants, but there is scarce information about it in nematodes of cattle. Genetic, reproductive, ecological and anthropic factors have been found to enhance the development of resistance. Because nematode resistance has increased in the last decade, it is necessary to investigate about its occurrence and incidence; so, developing and standarization of improved techniques for detection of the resistance should be carried out. There are several techniques (in vivo and in vitro) available for detection of anthelmintic resistance, being the Faecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) the most commonly used. Early detection of resistance is an essential factor on parasite control strategies in order to preserve the effectiveness of anthelmintics. Different chemical and non-chemical helminth control strategies have been suggested in order to slow the onset of resistance.

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Equine helminth prevalence and management practices on Australian properties as shown by coprological survey and written questionnaire

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18378 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (18) ◽

pp. 2131

Author(s):

A. M. Beasley ◽

A. C. Kotze ◽

T. S. Barnes ◽

G. T. Coleman

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Health Management ◽

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Supporting Evidence ◽

Parasite Control ◽

Prevalence Data ◽

Important Species ◽

Internal Parasite ◽

Horse Farms ◽

Horse Owners

Context Parasite control is an essential part of a broader equine health-management strategy and is often completely administered by the horse owner, with little or no supporting evidence on which to base decisions. Practical and sound advice relies on knowledge of the resident parasite species, the anthelmintic resistance status of important species, and the strategies currently being utilised by owners and managers of horses. Much of this farm-level information is lacking in the Australian literature. Aims The present study aimed to gather both farm- and horse-level prevalence data for four important equine helminth species and to gather information on the current worm-management practices conducted on Australian horse farms. Methods We conducted a coprological survey of cyathostomins, Strongylus vulgaris, Parascaris spp. and equine tapeworm on 102 horse properties, using a combination of classical and molecular parasitological methods, including a tapeworm polymerase chain reaction developed as part of the study. A questionnaire canvasing horse owners on internal parasite-control practices was also distributed. Key results Cyathostomin were present on all farms surveyed and S. vulgaris, despite being considered rare, was present on 7.8% (95% CI: 3.9–15.0) of farms. The prevalence of Parascaris spp. and equine tapeworm was 33.3% (95% CI: 19.6–50.6) and 3.9% (95% CI: 1.5–10.1) respectively. Questionnaire responses showed that the majority (85.0%) of horse owners administer anthelmintics at regular intervals of 12 weeks or less, and only 2.6% utilise faecal egg counts to inform treatment decisions. Conclusions Prevalence data confirmed the endemic nature of cyathostomin and P. equorum infections, as well as low levels of tapeworm and S. vulgaris infections on Australian horse farms. Worm-management practices were reminiscent of traditional interval-style treatment regimens that rely heavily on macrocyclic lactone anthelmintics. Implications These results suggest a need for more strategic approaches to internal-parasite control in horses to slow the development of anthelmintic resistance. Such programs need to consider the risk of re-establishment of the pathogenic S. vulgaris in significant numbers.

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CPD article: Equine gastrointestinal parasite infections

UK-Vet Equine ◽

10.12968/ukve.2020.4.5.156 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 156-160

Author(s):

Ian Wright

Keyword(s):

Anthelmintic Resistance ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽

Parasitic Disease ◽

Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽

Wide Range ◽

Fundamental Understanding ◽

Parasite Infections ◽

Intestinal Worm ◽

Worm Control

Horses can be infected by a wide range of gastrointestinal parasites including roundworms, tapeworms and bot flies. Anthelmintics have formed the basis of intestinal worm control in horses through routine use for many years but the development of anthelmintic resistance now means that strategies are required to limit anthelmintic use while minimising parasitic disease. Pasture and stable hygiene, accurate dosing of horses and faecal testing are all key to reducing anthelmintic use, while not compromising welfare. A fundamental understanding of the parasites involved and communication with clients is vital if these aims are to be achieved.

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