scholarly journals Anthelmintic efficacy of selected medicinal plants against gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep in Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
JK Muthee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Herbal Remedies ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Health Practitioners ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Traditional Practitioners ◽  
And Control ◽  
Myrsine Africana

The use of plants, or their extracts, for the treatment of human and animal ailments, including helminthosis is steeped in antiquity. Anthelmintic resistance in pathogenic helminths has been spreading in prevalence and severity to a point where there is multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. This globe-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of plants, which are commonly used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, under the natural grazing conditions in Loitoktok Sub-County of Kenya. The plant species (Albizia anthelmintica, Myrsine africana, and Embelia schimperi were selected based on their availability and ethnopharmacological uses, as anthelmintics, by the traditional health practitioners in the area. Fifty sheep of mixed breeds, belonging to local herders, and naturally infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes were recruited for the study. The herbal remedies were prepared and administered by methods prescribed by the traditional practitioners. Their efficacy was determined using faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT). The percentage faecal egg count reduction against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was 59, -11, -31 and 87 for Myrsine africana, A. anthelmintica, E. schimperi and albendazole respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies have some efficacy and further studies are needed to evaluate their potential as anthelmintics. There was also suspicion of development of anthemintic resistance to albendazole and herders needed to be advised accordingly on the proper use of conventional anthelmintic products

scholarly journals Phytochemical screening and cytotoxicity of selected plants used as anthelmintics in Loitoktok Sub-County, Kenya

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-19
Author(s):  
J.K Muthee ◽  
◽  
D.W Gakuya ◽  
J.M Mbaria ◽  
C.M Mulei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Traditional Health ◽  
Organic Extracts ◽  
And Control

The practice of traditional medicine is as old as the human race, and plants are an important source of research and development of new drugs. Anthelmintic resistance in human and animal pathogenic helminthes has been spreading in prevalence and severity to a point where there is multi-drug resistance against the three major classes of anthelmintics. It has become a global phenomenon in gastrointestinal nematodes of farm animals, and hence the need for novel anthelmintic products. The objectives of this study were to carry out phytochemical screening and determine bioactivity of plants which are commonly used in the treatment and control of helminthosis in LoitoktokSub-Countyof Kenya. The plant species (Albiziaanthelmintica, Myrsineafricana, Embeliaschimperi and Rapaneamelanophloeos) were selected based on their ethnopharmacological uses, as anthelmintics, by the traditional health practitioners. Phytochemical were screened in aqueous and organic extracts using standard methods and cytotoxicity determined using the Brine shrimp lethality test. Phytochemical detected in the extracts were, anthraquinones, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids. Organic extracts were generally more cytotoxic than the aqueous extracts with median lethal dose (LC50) of 11 to 581 µg/ml. and 149 to 1000 µg/ml respectively. It was concluded that some of the plants used as anthelmintic remedies in Loitoktok contain different types of phytochemical which could be responsible for their cytotoxicity and anthelmintic properties. Further studies may be necessary to assess their potential as anthelmintics for possible drug development.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic efficacy and safety of selected medicinal plants against mixed gastrointestinal nematodes in artificially infected sheep

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-365
Author(s):  
John Kaunga Muthee ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Hematological And Biochemical Parameters ◽  
And Control ◽  
Myrsine Africana ◽  
Rapanea Melanophloeos

There has been widespread resistance to anthelmintics by pathogenic helminths to an extent where there is multi-drug resistance against all major classes of conventional anthelmintics. This world-wide phenomenon calls for urgent search for different approaches to the control of helminthosis including novel anthelmintic products. The purpose of the study was to determine the efficacy and safety of selected plants, which are frequently used in the treatment and control of helminthosis, in artificially infected sheep under controlled laboratory conditions. The selected plant species were, Albizia anthelmintica Brongn, Embelia schimperi L., Myrsine africana L. and Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez. Thirty six male Dorper lambs, aged between 6 and 8 months, artificially infected with mixed gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) under controlled laboratory conditions, were used for the study. Efficacy was determined using percentage fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT %) and percentage total worm count reduction (TWCR %). Safety of the remedies was assessed using health, hematological and biochemical parameters. The FECR % against the mixed gastrointestinal nematodes was -55, 7.6, 34.2, 69.3 and 83.3% for Albizia anthelmintica, Embelia schimperi, Rapanea melanophloeos, albendazole and Myrsine africana respectively. TWCR% of 60.7, 44.6, 66, 69.7 and 35.6 percent were recorded for Albizia anthelmintica, Embelia schimperi, Myrsine Africana, Rapanea melanophloeos, and albendazole groups respectively. It was concluded that some of the remedies like M. africana have good efficacy at safe levels and should further be evaluated to determine the most optimum dosages. The gastrointestinal nematodes used in this study were resistant to albendazole

Evaluation of Parasitological Homeopathic Complex in the Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Peripartum Sheep

Homeopathy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 108 (04) ◽  
pp. 248-255
Author(s):  
Poliana Araújo Pacheco ◽  
Michael Nunes Marconato ◽  
Letícia Liepkaln dos Reis ◽  
Luciana Morita Katiki ◽  
Cláudia Cristina Paro de Paz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
White Cell Count ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Peripartum Period ◽  
And Control ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

Background The appearance of anthelmintic resistance has made it difficult to control verminosis in sheep, leading to increased research to find alternative nematode control. The use of homeopathy in veterinary medicine has been studied as an alternative for the treatment and control of some diseases. In this study, ewes received an anti-parasitic homeopathic complex medicine during the critical peripartum period of increased susceptibility to nematodes. Methods Three randomized groups containing 16 animals each were assigned as follows: ‘H10’ received 10 g homeopathic complex added to concentrated food per day; ‘H20’ received 20 g homeopathic complex added to concentrated food per day; ‘C’ (control group) did not receive a homeopathic complex. Animals were tested to evaluate the effect of homeopathy on several health parameters during a period of 110 days. Results The parasite that prevailed in the copro-cultures of both treatments throughout the experiment was Haemonchus contortus (78.26%). Packed cell volume averages did not present statistically significant differences between the treatments (24.5, 24.4 and 23.9% to C, H10 and H20, respectively; p < 0.05). For total white cell count, lower mean values ( ±  standard error of mean) were observed for the H20 treatment (5,490.9 ± 0.02/µL; p < 0.05), whereas the H10 (5,919.4 ± 0.02/µL) and control (6,098.5 ± 0.02/µL) presented higher and similar averages (p > 0.05). The values for erythrocytes, monocytes, and lymphocytes did not show differences between treatments (p > 0.05). Body weight was greater in the H10-treated animals compared with control. For the fecal egg count (FEC) of Trichostrongylidae and Strongyloides spp., respectively, the averages of the H20 treatment (1,523.0 and 30.6) were not different from control (1,616.0 and 31.6) and H10 (1,038.0 and 27.6); for Trichostrongylidae, however, H10 presented a lower FEC than the control (p = 0.02). For Cooperia, H10- and H20-treated animals showed FEC reductions of 97% and 98%, respectively. Conclusions H20 treatment in peripartum sheep resulted in greater body weight and lower leukocyte count. H10 was associated with lower FEC for Trichostrongylidae. Both H10 and H20 justify a label of ‘effective anthelmintic’ for Cooperia.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance to cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in selected dairy farms of Mymensingh and Sirajganj districts of Bangladesh

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
TM Mahibur Rahman ◽  
Anita Rani Dey ◽  
Saiful Islam ◽  
Md Shahadat Hossain ◽  
Md Hasanuzzaman Talukder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Control Group ◽  
The Status ◽  
Correction Table ◽  
Benzimidazole Anthelmintic ◽  
And Control

Correction: Table 1 and Table 2 have were omitted from the PDF in error. They were added to page 89 on 17th May 2018.Anthelmintic resistance (AR) to commonly used dewormers is one of the major world-wide constrain in livestock production. The present study was investigated the status of AR in BAU dairy farm, Mymensingh and Talukder dairy farm, Sirajganj. Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) was applied to assess AR in cattle of two dairy farms during January to June 2017. The anthelmintics tested were Albendazole (ABZ), a benzimidazole anthelmintic (Almex®, Square Ltd.) and Ivermectin (IVM) (Vermic®, Techno drugs Ltd.), administered at the doses recommended by the manufacturers. In each farm, cattle were divided into treatment and control (not treated) group based on faecal egg counts (FEC), that is at least 200 eggs/g. At 14 days after treatment, faecal samples were collected for post-treatment FEC, which is compared between treatment and control group. Resistance was defined if there was <95% reduction, with lower 95% confidence limit (CL) <90% in the FEC. AR was present in both the dairy farms involved in this study. The FECRT using ABZ revealed 79.7% (95% CL 87.9, 65.8) reduction and 95.8% (95% CL 98.7, 87.1) reduction of FEC in BAU and Talukder dairy farms, respectively. Also, FECRT using IVM revealed 77.9% (95% CL 97.7, 85.5) and 94.2% (95% CL 97.7, 85.5) reduction of FEC in BAU and Talukder dairy farms, respectively. Our study suggest that AR is present in both selected dairy farms and further extensive studies are required to determine the extent of AR in different cattle farms of Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(1): 87-92, April 2018

scholarly journals Worm-control practices and prevalence of anthelmintic resistance using in vivo FECRTs on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kupčinskas ◽  
I. Stadalienė ◽  
A. Šalomskas ◽  
P. Trusevičius ◽  
M. Varady ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Worm Control

SummaryThis study determined the prevalence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in parasitic nematodes on smallholder sheep farms in Lithuania from April to November 2014. Faecal samples were collected from two groups of 10-15 sheep treated with fenbendazole (FBZ) or ivermectin (IVM) on 18 sheep farms. Two samples were collected from each group: on day zero (T1) and 10-14 days after treatment. Faecal egg counts (eggs per gramme, EPG) were determined using a modified McMaster technique. Animals with < 140 EPG on day zero were removed from the analysis. The prevalence of AR was estimated using the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test. AR to FBZ was detected on three of 15 farms where FBZ was used (20 %) and was suspected on one farm (6.7 %). AR to IVM was detected on two of 16 farms where IVM was used (12.5 %). The main species of resistant gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) identified after treatment were Teladorsagia spp. and Trichostrongylus spp. A questionnaire surveying 71 sheep farmers estimated that 71.8 % of sheep farmers used anthelmintics against GINs. IVM was the most frequently (68.6 %) applied anthelmintic, and 62.7 % of the respondents reported treating their animals twice a year. This study confirmed the presence of AR to GIN infections on sheep farms in Lithuania. Future studies should assess the prevalence of AR to GIN infection using in vitro methods.

Anthelmintic resistance and novel control options in equine gastrointestinal nematodes

Parasitology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Raza ◽  
Abdul Ghaffar Qamar ◽  
Khizar Hayat ◽  
Shoaib Ashraf ◽  
Andrew R. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Macrocyclic Lactones ◽  
Fecal Egg Count ◽  
Worm Control ◽  
And Control

AbstractControl of equine nematodes has relied on benzimidazoles (BZs), tetrahydropyrimidines and macrocyclic lactones. The intensive use of anthelmintics has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance (AR) in equine cyathostomins and Parascaris equorum. Field studies indicate that BZ and pyrantel resistance is widespread in cyathostomins and there are also increasing reports of resistance to macrocyclic lactones in cyathostomins and P. equorum. The unavailability of reliable laboratory-based techniques for detecting resistance further augments the problem of nematode control in horses. The only reliable test used in horses is the fecal egg count reduction test; therefore, more focus should be given to develop and validate improved methodologies for diagnosing AR at an early stage, as well as determining the mechanisms involved in resistance development. Therefore, equine industry and researchers should devise and implement new strategies for equine worm control, such as the use of bioactive pastures or novel feed additives, and control should increasingly incorporate alternative and evidence-based parasite control strategies to limit the development of AR. This review describes the history and prevalence of AR in equine nematodes, along with recent advances in developing resistance diagnostic tests and worm control strategies in horses, as well as giving some perspective on recent research into novel control strategies.

Gastrointestinal nematodes infections and anthelmintic resistance in grazing sheep in the Eastern Inner Mongolia in China

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianlong Han ◽  
Min Wang ◽  
Guanghe Zhang ◽  
Dongsheng Han ◽  
Xinwei Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Inner Mongolia ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Sheep Production ◽  
Eastern Inner Mongolia

AbstractGastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) are a crucial restraint to grazing sheep production worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the infections and anthelmintic resistance (AR) of GIN in pasture-based sheep in the Eastern Inner Mongolia, China. GIN eggs were tested from 600 grazing sheep feces of 10 farms using saturated saline flotation method and McMaster’s method. The egg hatch test (EHT) and the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) were used to evaluate resistance of GIN to anthelmintics. We found that the average infection rate was 79.2% (range: 45%-100%). The grand mean faecal egg count (FEC) was 1813.2 eggs per gram (EPG) (range: 0-32400 EPG). There were significant differences in GIN infection among different breeds of sheep. The sequence of infection intensity and infection rate were Small fat tail > Ujimqin > Ju Ud (

scholarly journals Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance development in cattle gastrointestinal nematodes in Argentina

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor Humberto Suarez ◽  
Silvina Lujan Cristel
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Model ◽  
Treatment Frequency ◽  
The Past ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Ranch Management ◽  
Main Effects

Risk factors for anthelmintic resistance (AR) on bovine ranches were studied. Data were derived from a survey made to 50 ranch owners, who had conducted a faecal egg-count-reduction test. The questionnaire contained descriptors of bovine ranch management and nematode control. A case-control design study was undertaken and AR cases were present in 26 herds. Associations between the binary outcome variable (AR versus not AR) and risk factors recorded in the questionnaire were evaluated. Variables associated with the presence of AR at P< 0.15 and/or odds ratio (OR) > 2 were subjected to a multivariable logistic regression model. The main effects contributing to general AR (avermectin AVM and/or benzimidazole) in the final model were total number of annual treatments (OR 7.68; 95% CI 2.4 to 28.3) and use of more than 75% of AVM in the past (OR= 18.6; 95% CI 1.3 to 97.3), whereas for AVM resistance alone were total number of AVM annual treatments (OR= 11.5; 95% CI 2.9 to 45.5) and number of AVM Nov-Jan treatments (OR= 5.8; 95% CI 1.71 to 47.9). The results showed that treatment frequency, date of treatment and frequency of treatment in the past with a single drug were the main risk factors involved in AR development.

scholarly journals Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep raised under mountain farming conditions in Northern Italy

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Lambertz ◽  
Ioanna Poulopoulou ◽  
Kunlayaphat Wuthijaree ◽  
Matthias Gauly
Keyword(s):  
Macrocyclic Lactone ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Oral Formulations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Faecal Egg Count

Anthelmintic resistance (AR) in sheep raised under mountain farming conditions in South Tyrol (Northern Italy) was assessed on eight farms (n=99 animals). A faecal egg count reduction (FECR) test was done after routine anthelmintic treatments. Furthermore, on 27 farms (n=306 animals), a FECR test was conducted after oral formulations of a macrocyclic lactone (ML), benzimidazole (BZ) (partly in combination with salicylanilide (SA)) or a combination of imidazothiazole and SA were applied under controlled conditions on the same farm. Following routine treatments, three of five ML-treated flocks showed an adequate efficacy, while the other two reached a FECR of only around 75 per cent. A wide range of gastrointestinal nematode genera were identified in one flock following the treatment. From the three BZ-treated flocks, only one showed an adequate FECR, both other farms reached 68 per cent and 84 per cent, respectively. Under controlled conditions, FECR ranged between 77 per cent and 81 per cent indicating AR for all the applied anthelmintics. Trichostrongylus species, Teladorsagia species and Haemonchus species were identified after ML treatment, Teladorsagia species after BZ treatment and Trichostrongylus species and Haemonchus species after combined BZ and SA application. Taking into consideration that underdosing might have affected results of the routine treatments, a high prevalence of AR was found in sheep under mountain farming conditions.

scholarly journals Comparitive efficacy of five anthelmintics against trichostrongylid nematodes in sheep

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hafiz Abubakar Saddiqi ◽  
Abdul Jabbar ◽  
Zafar Iqbal ◽  
Wasim Babar ◽  
Zia-ud-Din Sindhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematodes ◽  
Untreated Group ◽  
Worm Count ◽  
Reduction Test ◽  
Faecal Egg Count ◽  
Faecal Egg Counts ◽  
Prevalent Species

The efficacy of levamisole, ivermectin and three different preparations of oxfendazole, applied at the recommended rate, were evaluated in flocks of sheep kept at two farms in Thal desert, Pakistan. Sixty animals on each farm were selected randomly on the basis of their weight and egg count of more than 150 eggs per gram of faeces. Three preparations of oxfendazole (fendamex, oxazole, syatamex), levamisole and ivermectin were given to five groups while one untreated group was kept as control. Faecal egg counts, faecal egg count reduction test, postmortem worm count and copro-culture were performed to assess the efficacy of selected anthelmintics. Levamisole and ivermectin preparations reduced (P ≤ 0.05) prevalent species of gastrointestinal nematodes in both flocks. Oxfendazole preparations exhibited low efficacy and some gastrointestinal nematodes (Haemonchus and Trichostrongylus) were suspected for resistance against these preparations, with resistance more pronounced in oxazole followed by systamex and fendamex. It was concluded that all oxfendazole preparations had low efficacy with suspicion for anthelmintic resistance while levamisole and ivermectin had reasonable effectiveness against prevalent gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep kept in Thal desert, Pakistan. Key words: Anthelmintic, resistance, gastrointestinal nematodes, sheep, Pakistan

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