Digital Imaging for Photographic Collections: Foundations for Technical Standard

2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Dale
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Technical Standard ◽  
Digital Form ◽  
Project Report

The goal of this project report, sponsored by The National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Preservation and Access, is “to offer some guidance to libraries, archives, and museums in their efforts to convert photographic collections to digital form.” To date, there are no standards for measuring the quality of digital images created from photographs. Therefore, this report is primarily concerned with developing tools to measure image quality. Other technical and managerial issues related to digital imaging projects in general are also addressed.

Digital Imaging Exposure-Time Optimisation of Tripod-Camera Vibrating Systems Based on MTF

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Fanti ◽  
Roberto Basso
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Initial Analysis ◽  
Vibrating System ◽  
Time Optimization ◽  
Vibrating Systems

The problem of exposure-time optimization in digital images acquired by a tripod-camera vibrating system is examined in this paper and an initial analysis is presented. The different noise sources concerning both the acquisition sensor in the camera and external vibrations were studied and quantified in some specific cases. The digital image quality is then discussed in terms of the MTF function evaluated at 50% level in order to define what the optimum ranges of exposure-times are.

scholarly journals Digital imaging in pathology: the case for standardization

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukako Yagi ◽  
John R Gilbertson
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Public Organization ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Direct Examination ◽  
Transmission Of Information ◽  
Complete Process

The process of digital imaging in microscopy is a series of operations, each contributing to the quality of the final image that is displayed on the computer monitor. The operations include sample preparation and staining by histology, optical image formation by the microscope, digital image sampling by the camera sensor, postprocessing and compression, transmission across the network and display on the monitor. There is an extensive literature about digital imaging and each step of the process is fairly well understood. However, the complete process is very hard to standardize or even to understand fully. The important concepts for pathology imaging standards are: (1) systems should be able to share image files, (2) the standards should allow the transmission of information on baseline colours and recommended display parameters, (3) the images should be useful to the pathologist, not necessarily better or worse than direct examination of a slide under the microscope, (4) a mechanism to evaluate image quality objectively should be present, (5) a mechanism to adjust and correct the minor errors of tissue processing should be developed, (6) a public organization should support pathologists in the development of standards.

The Importance of Gamma Correction in the Acquisition, Display and Hardcoy of Digital Images

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 343-344
Author(s):  
John M. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Gamma Correction ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Linear Portion ◽  
Gamma Functions ◽  
Recorded Image ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Logarithmic Functions

Digital imaging is replacing conventional photography in many applications. As the quality of digital images improves, more applications for this technology will be found. This talk will examine the importance of gamma correction in digital imaging.Although many researchers believe that digital imaging will soon replace photography, it is probably more correct to think of digital imaging as an enhancement to photography. The most critical problem with translating our knowledge of photography to digital imaging is that photography operates exclusively via logarithmic functions. The exposure versus density curves common to photography have an x axis that is logarithmic. The development curves for film and paper are also logarithmic. The slope of the log-linear portion of this curve is designated gamma. All operations normally performed in the darkroom whether processing film or prints manipulate the gamma functions to achieve the best recorded image. The first rule that should be obvious is that every image has a different optimal gamma and every different image medium (whether graded photographic paper or the density of print on a digital image printer) will change that optimal gamma.

Digital Imaging - a Web Based Exercise for Blood Cell and Bone Marrow Morphology as Part of a National Quality Assesment Scheme.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 5301-5301
Author(s):  
Emma Wells ◽  
John Ardern ◽  
Michelle Brereton ◽  
Lois Hickman ◽  
John Burthem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
External Quality Assessment ◽  
External Quality ◽  
Consensus Opinion ◽  
Static Images

Abstract Over the last four years we have undertaken a development program in collaboration with the UK National External Quality Assessment Scheme for Haematology NEQAS(H) to use internet-based teaching and digital photography to improve consensus opinion on haematological cellular morphology. We began with providing participants with a series of individual images of haematological blood cells to most recently, multiple ‘stitched’ images with tutorial based feedback on cell type and diagnosis. We present the results from a fourth internet-based blood cell morphology exercise. Participants were invited to visit the Central Manchester Laboratory website (www.manlab.co.uk) or the UKNEQAS (H) website to review a series of digital photographic images of blood cells. Volunteers to the exercise were able to call up images from a previously reported haematology case with complex morphology and report on their findings. Digital images were presented in three formats. The first provided twelve static images with expert morphological comment and participant’s consensus comments from the original national survey. The second part provided four static images with an interactive tutorial clearly identifying specific cell types and morphology of interest. The third component was a composite of nine individual images ‘Stitched’ together that allowed movement across the image and a zoom facility. Of 426 participants 128 (30%) returned results to UK NEQAS (H). Part 1: Over 90% of responders gave positive opinion regarding image quality, access to the website, presentation of expert opinion and agreed that the single images appropriately represented the morphological features of the case. Part 2: Over 95% responded positively to the educational value of the tutorial. Part 3: Of 128 responders, 34 were unable to download the software necessary to view the ‘Stitched’ image due their Trust’s internet policy. Of the remaining 94 responders, 90% found the image quality adequate and representative. A high proportion (71%) thought the ease of navigation and magnification offered by the Stitched image offered advantages over single static images and provided a better overview of morphology. The positive feedback from this exercise supports our intention to place digital images of the six annual UK NEQAS(H) blood film surveys on the internet. The problems of downloading stitched imaging software are to be addressed and there is ongoing development of stitching 40–100 single images into a virtual slide. A key role for external quality assessment schemes is to provide an educational service. The digital imaging procedure offers the opportunity to provide tutorial based learning to highlight interesting morphology and build up consensus opinion. The educational aspect of this is creating much interest and will provide a mechanism for continuing professional development of scientific and medical staff.

High-quality Multi-level Error Diffusion Method Employing Fuzzy Inference

2003 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriaki Suetake ◽  
◽  
Masanori Togashi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Conventional Method ◽  
Fuzzy Inference ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Error Diffusion ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Multi Level

We propose a new multi-level error diffusion method employing the fuzzy inference, which realizes half toning with high quality. In the proposed method, dissimilar textures around quantization levels, which are the cause of the low image quality and obtained by a conventional method, are decreased by using fuzzy inference. In this paper, we apply the proposed method to various standard digital images. The image quality of the result using the proposed method is higher than those of other methods without noise-add filtering, and it is almost same as them with filtering in 2 or 3 times faster processing.

scholarly journals Primena digitalne video tehnike u ortopediji

2006 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-104
Author(s):  
C. Vucetic ◽  
D. Milovanovic ◽  
B. Dulic ◽  
I. Dimitrijevic ◽  
N. Kalezic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Devices ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Surgical Patient ◽  
Clinical Use ◽  
Digital Imaging Technology ◽  
Case Documentation ◽  
Care Information

Digital video technologies are new and powerful tools with wide applications in orthopedic. Already integral to several common medical devices, digital images can be used for case documentation and presentation as well for diagnostic and surgical patient care information. Digital technologies allow easy manipulation of photographic, video and graphic materials in ways that were impossible with conventional techniques. Educational presentation has been transformed by use of computers and digital projectors. Understanding the basic foundations of digital imaging technology is important for effectively creating digital images, videos and presentations. In this review, we are going to discuss some of the issues that are raised by digital imaging in orthopedics, digital image processing, as well as, we are giving some recommendations for good quality of pre-, post- and intra-operative photographs in clinical use.

scholarly journals Designing an Herbarium Digitisation Workflow with Built-In Image Quality Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham Nieva de la Hidalga ◽  
Paul Rosin ◽  
Xianfang Sun ◽  
Ann Bogaerts ◽  
Niko De Meeter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Audit Trail ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Standards And Guidelines

Digitisation of natural history collections has evolved from creating databases for the recording of specimens’ catalogue and label data to include digital images of specimens. This has been driven by several important factors, such as a need to increase global accessibility to specimens and to preserve the original specimens by limiting their manual handling. The size of the collections pointed to the need of high throughput digitisation workflows. However, digital imaging of large numbers of fragile specimens is an expensive and time-consuming process that should be performed only once. To achieve this, the digital images produced need to be useful for the largest set of applications possible and have a potentially unlimited shelf life. The constraints on digitisation speed need to be balanced against the applicability and longevity of the images, which, in turn, depend directly on the quality of those images. As a result, the quality criteria that specimen images need to fulfil influence the design, implementation and execution of digitisation workflows. Different standards and guidelines for producing quality research images from specimens have been proposed; however, their actual adaptation to suit the needs of different types of specimens requires further analysis. This paper presents the digitisation workflow implemented by Meise Botanic Garden (MBG). This workflow is relevant because of its modular design, its strong focus on image quality assessment, its flexibility that allows combining in-house and outsourced digitisation, processing, preservation and publishing facilities and its capacity to evolve for integrating alternative components from different sources. The design and operation of the digitisation workflow is provided to showcase how it was derived, with particular attention to the built-in audit trail within the workflow, which ensures the scalable production of high-quality specimen images and how this audit trail ensures that new modules do not affect either the speed of imaging or the quality of the images produced.

scholarly journals Image quality assessment

2022 ◽  
pp. 4-15
Author(s):  
Y. I. Golub
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Quality Assessment ◽  
Image Quality Assessment ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Image Databases ◽  
Automated Systems ◽  
Digital Formats ◽  
Proximity Measures ◽  
Visual Assessments

Quality assessment is an integral stage in the processing and analysis of digital images in various automated systems. With the increase in the number and variety of devices that allow receiving data in various digital formats, as well as the expansion of human activities in which information technology (IT) is used, the need to assess the quality of the data obtained is growing. As well as the bar grows for the requirements for their quality.The article describes the factors that deteriorate the quality of digital images, areas of application of image quality assessment functions, a method for normalizing proximity measures, classes of digital images and their possible distortions, image databases available on the Internet for conducting experiments on assessing image quality with visual assessments of experts.

Digital Imaging: Emerging Technologies

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (S2) ◽  
pp. 824-825
Author(s):  
John M. Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Image Quality ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Technology ◽  
Emerging Technologies ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Imaging Technology ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Inkjet Printers ◽  
Digital Imaging Technology

This invited paper will address several emerging technologies that have an impact on scientists moving into digital imaging technology and raise a few concerns about this digital technology that may not have reached our group.The quality of inkjet printers has moved forward at a staggering rate. The latest printers from Epson (the 900 series) have achieved a milestone in image quality that is very significant and yet is difficult to find in the specification sheet. The “dots” which the company claims can be as small as 3 picoliters are sufficiently small that they cannot be seen with the naked eye. with an improved algorithm, the image quality in 1440 × 720 mode is as good as any dye-sublimation printer. The current 980 when printing in 1440 mode prints at twice the speed as the older 900. At only $250, it actually becomes cost effective to replace 900's with 980's solely based on the amount of time that is saved (even at a University).

scholarly journals Ethics and Digital Imaging

2006 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Mackenzie ◽  
M. G. Burke ◽  
T. Carvalho ◽  
A. Eades
Keyword(s):  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Digital Images ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Print Advertisements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Publication Quality

The amazing growth of digital imaging in the past several years has blurred the line between "real" images and those that are digitally enhanced. In most of our movies and print advertisements, we see amazing effects that create images that look real but are not.For the last several decades film has been the predominant method that scientists employ to record the images viewed through their microscopes. Film has been readily accepted as a valid, archival recording medium because it was difficult to alter once the exposure was made and the film or print developed. The improvements in computer power and image resolution, coupled with environmental considerations, have spurred the scientific community to replace photographic processes with digital images. Processes that took hours and days are now performed in minutes. Imaging programs like Adobe Photoshop can perform all of the same photographic steps that required a darkroom, and then can do much more. The image can be “burned” onto a CD or DVD disk which is difficult to alter. Printer technology has advanced so rapidly that inkjet prints rival photographic prints. Images are often distributed digitally and viewed on displays that continue to improve. As the hardware for digital imaging improves, the quality of digital images is approaching photographic quality for a fraction of the cost, and publication quality images are produced in a fraction of the time required for film-based photography.

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