“Civilization” in History and Ideology Since 1800

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Manning
Keyword(s):  
White Supremacy ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Scientific Exploration ◽  
Institutional Structures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Set Up

Abstract The term “civilization,” articulated in eighteenth century Europe, has been widely used in many languages from the nineteenth century to the present. It refers both to widespread societies governed by powerful states in modern times and to prestigious urban and monumental civilizations of ancient times. This essay explores the history of the concept of civilization through science, ideology, and schooling. Scientific exploration of civilization was an implementation of emerging studies in social science. Ideological statement of social priorities appropriated civilization, especially in the era of expanding capitalism, empire, and white supremacy. In the school systems set up around the world, the term “civilization” was included in the curriculum both to explain ancient heritage and the comparison of modern great powers, religious faiths, and cultural practices. Weaknesses in the concept of civilization are becoming apparent as knowledge expands. New factors to consider include the significance of the end of empire; increased attention to network dynamics as well as hierarchies; comparisons of biological equality and social inequality; the roles of commoners and local scales; the rise of global social and institutional structures; shifting balances of societies and regions; and more attention to the historical role of schooling and science.

scholarly journals The Historical Role of Leviticus 25 in Naturalizing Anti-Black Racism

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 570
Author(s):  
James W. Watts
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Permanent Property

Leviticus 25:39–46 describes a two-tier model of slavery that distinguishes Israelites from foreign slaves. It requires that Israelites be indentured only temporarily while foreigners can be enslaved as chattel (permanent property). This model resembles the distinction between White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves in the American colonies. However, the biblical influence on these early modern practices has been obscured by the rarity of citations of Lev. 25:39–46 in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources about slavery. This article reviews the history of slavery from ancient Middle Eastern antiquity through the seventeenth century to show the unique degree to which early modern institutions resembled the biblical model. It then exposes widespread knowledge of Leviticus 25 in early modern political and economic debates. Demonstrating this awareness shows with high probability that colonial cultures presupposed the two-tier model of slavery in Leviticus 25:39–46 to naturalize and justify their different treatment of White indentured slaves and Black chattel slaves.

scholarly journals Caliphatism in the period of decline and collapse of the Ottoman Empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 327-337
Author(s):  
Svetlana A Kirillina ◽  
Alexandra L Safronova ◽  
Vladimir V Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Muhammad Rashid Rida ◽  
Political Actions

The article analyses the historical role of the movement for defenсe of the Caliphate, which emerged in various regions of the Muslim world as a response to weakening and fall of the Ottoman Empire. The authors also focus on the social and political discussions of the 1920s - 1930s about the destiny of Muslim unity and the role of the future Caliphate. The article also deals with the transformation of conceptions of the Caliphate in the works of eminent ideologists and politicians of the Muslim world - Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi, Muhammad Rashid Rida and Abul Kalam Azad. The authors give an overview of the history of Caliphatist congresses and conferences of 1920s - 1930s. The aims and tasks of the Caliphatist movement among the Muslims of South Asia are also under study. The article examines the reaction of the South Asian princely elites to the weakening of the Ottoman state and explores the interrelation between pro-Ottoman sentiments of Caliphatists and the radicalization of anti-colonial struggle of Indian Muslims. A special attention is given to the role of leaders of Indian Caliphatists in preparation of the antiBritish uprisings in North-Western Hindustan. The authors also examine common and specifi c features of views and political actions of advocates and supporters of the Caliphate in the Middle East and in the Islamic communities of South Asia. The analysis of the source data reveales several patterns of reaction of Muslims in the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia to the repudiation of the Caliphate by the Republican Turkey.

Beyond Reputation: Debate on the Role of Corporate Influence in Occupational and Environmental Medicine

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Rankin Bohme ◽  
David Egilman
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Medicine ◽  
Occupational Medicine ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Corporate Influence ◽  
Family Medical Leave Act ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Family Medical Leave ◽  
Occupational And Environmental Medicine

In his article in this issue, Tee Guidotti casts recent works addressing corporate influence on occupational medicine as “collective act[s] of disparagement … undertaken … for political reasons.” We move beyond the question of reputation to address key conflicts in the history of occupational medicine, including the American Occupational Medical Association's historical role in weakening the beryllium standard and the American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine's recent efforts to limit the extent of the Family Medical Leave Act. The corporate practice of externalizing health and safety costs makes industry influence an important ongoing topic of debate in occupational and environmental medicine.

Role of IFLA in Marketing Initiatives in Library and Information Services

2015 ◽  
pp. 380-388
Author(s):  
Dinesh K. Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Information Service ◽  
Service Organizations ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Present Information ◽  
State Of Mind ◽  
History Of ◽  
Set Up

Traditionally, the thrust of library and information managers was on managing in-house technical operations of the libraries without taking much consideration of the outside world. However, during the last two-three decades there have been many changes in library's overall external environment that have affected the internal environment and management of libraries and their services to a great extent. Earlier, more emphasis was on developing the libraries for the future rather than meeting the present information needs of users, but now users are more demanding; they have higher expectations from libraries, and they compare value/benefits received every time in comparison to efforts they have put into getting the desired information/information service(s)/product(s). As such, the interest of information professionals in marketing library services has been rising. Marketing can simply be defined as an approach that integrates external environment and internal environment in understanding and satisfying customer needs. In service organizations, management and marketing integrates and good service are not different from good marketing efforts. In other words, in-service set up marketing is the state of mind and management is a way forward to actions. The creation of Section on Management and Marketing in IFLA at the international level signifies such importance and integration of management and marketing in recent times. Rejean Savard (2006) describes the history of the Section and reviews its activities in the initial years. The chapter emphasizes recent activities and contributions of the IFLA Section on Management and Marketing Section in encouraging good marketing efforts in libraries the world over.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Author(s):  
Anya P. Foxen
Keyword(s):  
White Supremacy ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Translation ◽  
Or Practice ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
Definition Of

This introduction presents the argument and general parameters of the subsequent chapters. It argues that modern postural yoga as practiced in popularized contexts (such as gyms and corporate studios) is only tangentially related to premodern Indian yogic traditions. Broadly, it makes the case that the dynamics of cross-cultural translation necessitate that we examine both the original and host context of the concept or practice in question. It then outlines the main areas that must be considered in framing such an argument, specifically the difficulty of defining yoga, the historical role of Orientalism, the definition of “harmonialism,” and the issues surrounding gender, race, class, and white supremacy.

Are Information Technologies So Dangerous for Written Culture?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asya Syrodeeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Writing Practices ◽  
Sociocultural Diversity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Personal Level ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Broad Interpretation

One of the factors that determines the current lifestyle is technology, which persistently draws the world into competition for new means and practices. As the subject of these processes, our contemporary not only takes an active part in them, but also reflexes a lot about his/her own impact. Although technology is ambivalent and multivector in its development, the humanitarian role of protecting the history of human experience, as well as creating the updated versions of cultural practices is not alien to it. Inspired by the broad interpretation of the writing practices proposed by J. Derrida, the author of the article shows how important it is for the understanding of technology not to be overloaded with alarmism. Information technologies have a democratizing effect on social life by offering new tools and formats for the writing. In particular, they support on a personal level the freedom of self-realization, while on a public scale — sociocultural diversity and interaction.

Pediatricians as Child Health Advocates: The Role of Advocacy Education

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Nancy A. Dodson ◽  
Hina J. Talib ◽  
Qi Gao ◽  
Jaeun Choi ◽  
Susan M. Coupey
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Child Health ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Fellowship Training ◽  
Health Advocacy ◽  
Pediatric Residency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
High Effort

In this article, we discuss the role of formal advocacy education with high-effort advocacy activities among pediatricians. We discuss the historical role of advocacy in the field of pediatrics and the changing role of advocacy education in pediatric training programs. We describe our survey of pediatricians in New York, in which we asked about a history of formal child health advocacy education, current high- and low-effort advocacy activities, perceived barriers to advocacy work, and child health advocacy issues of interest. Our findings demonstrate an association between a history of formal child health advocacy education and recent participation in high-effort advocacy activities on behalf of children’s health. We also found that practicing pediatricians were more likely to participate in high-effort advocacy work than individuals still in pediatric residency training. Our findings imply that education in child health advocacy should be considered an important part of pediatric training. Advocacy education should not only be included in residency and fellowship training programs but also made available as part of continuing medical education for pediatricians. Time for professional advocacy work should be allotted and encouraged.

scholarly journals Greek demons who murdered children

2021 ◽  
pp. 54-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislava Igorevna Makeeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Greek Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Murdered Children

This article describes the Ancient Greek mythological characters who were attributed with murdering children: Lamia (Λάμια), Mormo (μορμώ) and Gello (γελλώ).The ssuperstitions associated with these demons remain in Greece to this day, although their images have undergone certain transformation. The object of this research is the mythological representations of the Ancient Greeks, while the subject is demons who murdered children. The goal of this article is to determine the role of children's horror stories in life of the Ancient Greek society. The author reviews the facts testifying to the existence of characters as Lamia, Mormo, Gello and Empusa in the Greek and Roman texts, as well gives characteristics to their images based on the comparative analysis. The conducted analysis reveals the common traits of the demons who murdered children: frightening appearance, combination of human and animal traits, ability to transform, identification with Hecate, as well as the story of the failed motherhood underlying the history of emergence of the demon. The key functions of these mythological characters consisted in explanation of the sudden infant and maternal mortality typical to the ancient times, as well as teaching children and adults a lesson. The first could be frightened with such stories, and the latter had to learn from the tale that demonstrates the harm of reckless following the temptations or refusal of fulfilling the prescribed social roles, socially acceptable behavior.

scholarly journals Prerequisites for the Development of Regional Studies in Japan within the Framework of Japanese Traditional Science

REGIONOLOGY ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-302
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Kremnyov ◽  
Vladimir V. Ananiev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Religious Texts ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Poetic Texts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Historical Periods

Introduction. The variety of elements of the field of regional studies in Japan makes it possible to state that the sources of regional studies are heterogeneous not only in content, but also in their relation to different historical periods. The objective of the study is to analyze the processes of development of proto-regional knowledge in Japan from ancient times until the middle of the 19th century Materials and Methods. Japanese works on history and geography, as well as works by Russian researchers in the considered fields were used as the materials of the study. Particular attention was paid to historical and geographical texts; other sources (religious texts, poetic texts, etc.) were also considered. The basic methods employed were those of systemic, comparative, conceptual and terminological analysis. Results. The article discusses the stages of development of proto-regional knowledge in Japan in the framework of traditional science. Based on the analysis of works created before the middle of the 19th century, the authors conclude that the basic factor in the formation and development of knowledge about regions was the opposition “We vs. Others,” characteristic of Japanese ethnoculture, and this knowledge itself is largely Japanocentric. The article reveals the role of several schools of traditional science: kokugaku (school of national sciences), rangaku / yogaku (Dutch / European studies) and kangaku (school of Chinese sciences), as well as the role of their cultural and ideological confrontation in stimulating the development of proto-regional knowledge. Discussion and Conclusion. The article presents the results of the initial stage of a comprehensive study, which will examine the history of the development of Japanese regional knowledge and the methodology of regional research in Japan. The results of the work may be useful to researchers and specialists in the field of history of regional development of various countries and regions.

scholarly journals Research Libraries and New Technologies, Promoting Access to Information, Learning, and Innovation for Today and the Future

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krista L. Cox
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Research Libraries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Role ◽  
To Come ◽  
Access To Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Learning

The role of libraries today is rooted in their historical mission. At their heart, libraries provide access to knowledge and information. They do so by preserving the cultural and historical record, not only for today, but for generations to come. They support teaching, learning and research by providing access to works, curating collections and ensuring that connections between different materials can be made. Libraries also have a long history of providing physicalspaces for studying, meeting or for exhibitions. They have also provided accessible formats to individuals with print and other disabilities, helping to ensure that everyone can access information. While these activities represent the historical role for libraries, these same endeavors hold true today. Beyond this historic role, libraries today have also evolved to accommodate the new ways of learning that technology has permitted. Ultimately, libraries have adapted to the changing landscape to ensure that they fulfill their missions of preservation and provision of access to knowledge and culture. Through fair use, for example, libraries have been able to adapt to new and emerging technologies.

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