A review on the properties, reinforcing effects, and commercialization of nanomaterials for cement-based materials

AbstractThe behavior of cement-based materials is manipulated by chemical and physical processes at the nanolevel. Therefore, the application of nanomaterials in civil engineering to develop nano-modified cement-based materials is a promising research. In recent decades, a large number of researchers have tried to improve the properties of cement-based materials by employing various nanomaterials and to characterize the mechanism of nano-strengthening. In this study, the state of the art progress of nano-modified cement-based materials is systematically reviewed and summarized. First, this study reviews the basic properties and dispersion methods of nanomaterials commonly used in cement-based materials, including carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, graphene oxide, nano-silica, nano-calcium carbonate, nano-calcium silicate hydrate, etc. Then the research progress on nano-engineered cementitious composites is reviewed from the view of accelerating cement hydration, reinforcing mechanical properties, and improving durability. In addition, the market and applications of nanomaterials for cement-based materials are briefly discussed, and the cost is creatively summarized through market survey. Finally, this study also summarizes the existing problems in current research and provides future perspectives accordingly.

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Antifouling Strategies for Sensors Used in Water Monitoring: Review and Future Perspectives

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21020389 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 389

Author(s):

Adrián Delgado ◽

Ciprian Briciu-Burghina ◽

Fiona Regan

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Water Monitoring ◽

Future Research ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Current Trends ◽

Cost Of Ownership ◽

Understanding Of Science ◽

The Cost ◽

And Control

Water monitoring sensors in industrial, municipal and environmental monitoring are advancing our understanding of science, aid developments in process automatization and control and support real-time decisions in emergency situations. Sensors are becoming smaller, smarter, increasingly specialized and diversified and cheaper. Advanced deployment platforms now exist to support various monitoring needs together with state-of-the-art power and communication capabilities. For a large percentage of submersed instrumentation, biofouling is the single biggest factor affecting the operation, maintenance and data quality. This increases the cost of ownership to the extent that it is prohibitive to maintain operational sensor networks and infrastructures. In this context, the paper provides a brief overview of biofouling, including the development and properties of biofilms. The state-of-the-art established and emerging antifouling strategies are reviewed and discussed. A summary of the currently implemented solutions in commercially available sensors is provided and current trends are discussed. Finally, the limitations of the currently used solutions are reviewed, and future research and development directions are highlighted.

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New horizons for inorganic solid state ion conductors

Energy & Environmental Science ◽

10.1039/c8ee01053f ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 1945-1976 ◽

Cited By ~ 343

Author(s):

Zhizhen Zhang ◽

Yuanjun Shao ◽

Bettina Lotsch ◽

Yong-Sheng Hu ◽

Hong Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solid State ◽

Critical Review ◽

Solid Electrolytes ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Research Progress ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Electrochemical Stabilities ◽

New Horizons ◽

Solid State Batteries ◽

Art Research

This critical review presents the state of the art research progress, proposes strategies to improve the conductivity of solid electrolytes, discusses the chemical and electrochemical stabilities, and uncovers future perspectives for solid state batteries.

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Costs and Benefits of Autonomous Shipping—A Literature Review

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11104553 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 4553

Author(s):

Ewelina Ziajka-Poznańska ◽

Jakub Montewka

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Business Models ◽

Financial Models ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Costs And Benefits ◽

Capital Costs ◽

Research Activities ◽

Benefit Estimation ◽

Autonomous Ship ◽

The Cost

The development of autonomous ship technology is currently in focus worldwide and the literature on this topic is growing. However, an in-depth cost and benefit estimation of such endeavours is in its infancy. With this systematic literature review, we present the state-of-the-art system regarding costs and benefits of the operation of prospective autonomous merchant ships with an objective for identifying contemporary research activities concerning an estimation of operating, voyage, and capital costs in prospective, autonomous shipping and vessel platooning. Additionally, the paper outlines research gaps and the need for more detailed business models for operating autonomous ships. Results reveal that valid financial models of autonomous shipping are lacking and there is significant uncertainty affecting the cost estimates, rendering only a reliable evaluation of specific case studies. The findings of this paper may be found relevant not only by academia, but also organisations considering to undertake a challenge of implementing Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships in their operations.

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Annelid Diversity: Historical Overview and Future Perspectives

Diversity ◽

10.3390/d13030129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

María Capa ◽

Pat Hutchings

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Molecular Taxonomy ◽

Evolutionary Relationships ◽

Diverse Group ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Special Issue ◽

Species Numbers ◽

Species Complexes ◽

Taxonomic Groups ◽

A New Species

Annelida is a ubiquitous, common and diverse group of organisms, found in terrestrial, fresh waters and marine environments. Despite the large efforts put into resolving the evolutionary relationships of these and other Lophotrochozoa, and the delineation of the basal nodes within the group, these are still unanswered. Annelida holds an enormous diversity of forms and biological strategies alongside a large number of species, following Arthropoda, Mollusca, Vertebrata and perhaps Platyhelminthes, among the species most rich in phyla within Metazoa. The number of currently accepted annelid species changes rapidly when taxonomic groups are revised due to synonymies and descriptions of a new species. The group is also experiencing a recent increase in species numbers as a consequence of the use of molecular taxonomy methods, which allows the delineation of the entities within species complexes. This review aims at succinctly reviewing the state-of-the-art of annelid diversity and summarizing the main systematic revisions carried out in the group. Moreover, it should be considered as the introduction to the papers that form this Special Issue on Systematics and Biodiversity of Annelids.

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Age-Friendly Cities and Communities: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041644 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1644

Author(s):

Joost van Hoof ◽

Hannah R. Marston

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Demographic Shift ◽

Welfare Systems

The number of older adults is increasing rapidly, and this demographic shift places an increased level of strain and tension on the various international healthcare and welfare systems [...]

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Stochastic methods defeat regular RSA exponentiation algorithms with combined blinding methods

Journal of Mathematical Cryptology ◽

10.1515/jmc-2020-0010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 408-433

Author(s):

Margaux Dugardin ◽

Werner Schindler ◽

Sylvain Guilley

Keyword(s):

State Of The Art ◽

Stochastic Methods ◽

Rsa Algorithm ◽

Montgomery Ladder ◽

Channel Information ◽

Probability Mass ◽

The Cost ◽

Noisy Measurements ◽

Mass Functions ◽

Larger Sample

Abstract Extra-reductions occurring in Montgomery multiplications disclose side-channel information which can be exploited even in stringent contexts. In this article, we derive stochastic attacks to defeat Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) with Montgomery ladder regular exponentiation coupled with base blinding. Namely, we leverage on precharacterized multivariate probability mass functions of extra-reductions between pairs of (multiplication, square) in one iteration of the RSA algorithm and that of the next one(s) to build a maximum likelihood distinguisher. The efficiency of our attack (in terms of required traces) is more than double compared to the state-of-the-art. In addition to this result, we also apply our method to the case of regular exponentiation, base blinding, and modulus blinding. Quite surprisingly, modulus blinding does not make our attack impossible, and so even for large sizes of the modulus randomizing element. At the cost of larger sample sizes our attacks tolerate noisy measurements. Fortunately, effective countermeasures exist.

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Nanomedicine-Based Strategies Assisting Photodynamic Therapy for Hypoxic Tumors: State-of-the-Art Approaches and Emerging Trends

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9020137 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

Chun-Yan Shih ◽

Pei-Ting Wang ◽

Wu-Chou Su ◽

Hsisheng Teng ◽

Wei-Lun Huang

Keyword(s):

Photodynamic Therapy ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Metal Organic Framework ◽

Basic Knowledge ◽

Future Perspectives ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Emerging Trends ◽

Tumor Tissues ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Manipulating Hypoxia

Since the first clinical cancer treatment in 1978, photodynamic therapy (PDT) technologies have been largely improved and approved for clinical usage in various cancers. Due to the oxygen-dependent nature, the application of PDT is still limited by hypoxia in tumor tissues. Thus, the development of effective strategies for manipulating hypoxia and improving the effectiveness of PDT is one of the most important area in PDT field. Recently, emerging nanotechnology has benefitted progress in many areas, including PDT. In this review, after briefly introducing the mechanisms of PDT and hypoxia, as well as basic knowledge about nanomedicines, we will discuss the state of the art of nanomedicine-based approaches for assisting PDT for treating hypoxic tumors, mainly based on oxygen replenishing strategies and the oxygen dependency diminishing strategies. Among these strategies, we will emphasize emerging trends about the use of nanoscale metal–organic framework (nMOF) materials and the combination of PDT with immunotherapy. We further discuss future perspectives and challenges associated with these trends in both the aspects of mechanism and clinical translation.

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A trade-off between classical and quantum circuit size for an attack against CSIDH

Journal of Mathematical Cryptology ◽

10.1515/jmc-2020-0070 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 4-17

Author(s):

Jean-François Biasse ◽

Xavier Bonnetain ◽

Benjamin Pring ◽

André Schrottenloher ◽

William Youmans

Keyword(s):

Endomorphism Ring ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Quantum Circuit ◽

List Type ◽

Hard Problem ◽

Trade Off ◽

Classical State ◽

Security Parameter ◽

The Cost ◽

Quadratic Order

AbstractWe propose a heuristic algorithm to solve the underlying hard problem of the CSIDH cryptosystem (and other isogeny-based cryptosystems using elliptic curves with endomorphism ring isomorphic to an imaginary quadratic order 𝒪). Let Δ = Disc(𝒪) (in CSIDH, Δ = −4p for p the security parameter). Let 0 < α < 1/2, our algorithm requires:A classical circuit of size $2^{\tilde{O}\left(\log(|\Delta|)^{1-\alpha}\right)}.$A quantum circuit of size $2^{\tilde{O}\left(\log(|\Delta|)^{\alpha}\right)}.$Polynomial classical and quantum memory.Essentially, we propose to reduce the size of the quantum circuit below the state-of-the-art complexity $2^{\tilde{O}\left(\log(|\Delta|)^{1/2}\right)}$ at the cost of increasing the classical circuit-size required. The required classical circuit remains subexponential, which is a superpolynomial improvement over the classical state-of-the-art exponential solutions to these problems. Our method requires polynomial memory, both classical and quantum.

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