scholarly journals Flammability and physical stability of sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch/poly(lactic acid) blend bionanocomposites

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-95
Author(s):  
Asmawi Nazrin ◽  
Salit Mohd Sapuan ◽  
Mohamed Yusoff Mohd Zuhri ◽  
Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Tawakkal ◽  
Rushdan Ahmad Ilyas
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Soil Degradation ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Diffusion Curve ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Coefficient Of Diffusion ◽  
Sewer Water

Abstract In this study, sugar palm crystalline nanocellulose (SPCNC)-reinforced thermoplastic sugar palm starch (TPS) was blended with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in order to prioritize the biodegradation feature while offsetting individual polymer limitation. Prior to melt blending process, SPCNC was dispersed through sonication in advance of starch gelatinization which was later casted into petri dishes. PLA and TPS were melt blended into five different ratios using Brabender mixer followed by compression molding. Soil degradation (4 months) and water uptake (4 weeks) tests were conducted to evaluate the physical stability of PLA/TPS blend bionanocomposites. Based on Fickian law, the diffusion curve and coefficient of diffusion for seawater, river water, and sewer water were calculated. The flammability and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests were conducted in accordance with ASTM D635 and ASTM D2863, respectively. For PLA60TPS40 (40% TPS), significant reduction (46–69%) was recorded in maximum water uptake in all mediums, while soil degradation rate experienced insignificant increment (7.92%) for PLA70TPS30 (30% TPS) owing to the reinforcement of SPCNC through the well-dispersed TPS within PLA. Meanwhile, the flammability rates and LOI values for PLA40TPS60 and PLA60TPS40 indicated flammable material properties.

The influence of various/different ratios synthetic fiber mixture on the mechanical, thermal, morphological and flammability properties of poly (lactic acid)/polycarbonate blend

2020 ◽  
pp. 002199832096353
Author(s):  
Seda Hazer ◽  
Ayse Aytac
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heat Release ◽  
Heat Release Rate ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Synthetic Fiber ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index

Poly (Lactic Acid) (PLA)/Polycarbonate (PC) blend has gained much attention as a bio-based polymeric material in various industrial fields. This study aims to improve the properties of PLA/PC blend reinforced with glass fiber (GF) and carbon fiber (CF) mixture to be produced for industrial use. For this purpose, 50PLA/50PC blend was prepared and used as a control sample. Then, 30% by weight CF and 30% GF were added to the matrix separately. To examine the effect of the use of CF and GF together, the composites were prepared as a mixture form of fibers by adding 5-10-15% CF and 5-10-15% GF, respectively, to the control blend in pairs. All composites compounded with the laboratory-scale twin-screw mini extruder and molded by injection molding. The effects of using synthetic fiber mixture were evaluated in terms of the mechanical, thermal and flammability properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), heat release rate (HRR) test were carried for the characterization of composites. The highest tensile strength values ​​and maximum % crystallinity values were obtained for the 15CF/15GF fiber mixture containing PLA/PC composite as 113.7 MPa and 21.4, respectively. CO yield (COY), HRR, and total heat release rate were reduced significantly by using synthetic fibers and fiber mixture.

Preparation of lignin–silica hybrids and its application in intumescent flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) system

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 738-746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Xifu Xiao ◽  
Qilong Tai ◽  
Hua Huang ◽  
Jian Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Silica Hybrids ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Lignin–silica hybrids (LSHs) were prepared by sol–gel method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). LSH and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were added into poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a novel intumescent flame-retardant (IFR) system to improve the flame retardancy of PLA. The flame-retardant effect of APP and LSH in PLA was studied using limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) tests and cone calorimeter. The thermal stability of PLA/APP/LSH composites was evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, the morphology and components of char residues of the IFR-PLA composites were investigated by SEM and XPS. With the addition of APP/LSH to PLA system, the morphology of the char residue has obviously changed. Compared with PLA/APP and PLA/APP/lignin, a continuous and dense intumescent charring layer with more phosphor in PLA composites is formed, which exhibits better flame retardancy. All the results show that the combination of APP and LSH can improve the flame-retardant property and increase the thermal stability of PLA composites greatly.

scholarly journals Novel Dihydroxy-Containing Ammonium Phosphate Based Poly(Lactic Acid): Synthesis, Characterization and Flame Retardancy

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong-Kun Jian ◽  
Long Xia ◽  
Yuan-Fang Ai ◽  
De-Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Ammonium Phosphate ◽  
Acid Synthesis ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Degree Of Crystallization ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The aim of this work is to prepare flame-retardant biobased poly(lactic acid) materials through incorporating a novel flame retardant dihydroxy-containing ammonium phosphate (DAP) derived from 2-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinane-2-oxide (DOP) and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol (AMPD). Interestingly, PLA modified with only 0.5% DAP passed UL-94 V-0 rating, and possessed a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 24.6%, which would further increase with the increasing loading of DAP. PLA/DAP did not exhibit obviously improved results in terms of heat release rate (HRR), as the loading of DAP was relatively low. It was found that DAP showed little effect on the thermal stability of PLA and the onset decomposition temperatures of PLA and PLA/DAP blends were very close. Besides, the degree of crystallization increased because of the plasticized effect of DAP. Based on the analyses of flame-retardant mechanism of DAP, it disclosed that DAP decomposed to generate incombustible compounds, such as water and ammonia, to dilute the concentration of oxygen and fuels, and then release some phosphorus-containing fragments that could produce phosphorus-containing free radicals to interrupt free-radical reactions, and finally noncombustible melt dripping was produced so as to bring away large amount of heat and stop the feedback of heat to the matrix.

scholarly journals Effect of a Novel Flame Retardant on the Mechanical, Thermal and Combustion Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2407
Author(s):  
Mingjun Niu ◽  
Zhongzhou Zhang ◽  
Zizhen Wei ◽  
Wanjie Wang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Biobased Materials ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Combustion Properties ◽  
Ul 94

Poly(lactic) acid (PLA) is one of the most promising biobased materials, but its inherent flammability limits its applications. A novel flame retardant hexa-(DOPO-hydroxymethylphenoxy-dihydroxybiphenyl)-cyclotriphosphazene (HABP-DOPO) for PLA was prepared by bonding 9,10-dihydro-9-oxy-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) to cyclotriphosphazene. The morphologies, mechanical properties, thermal stability and burning behaviors of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends were investigated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a universal mechanical testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL-94) and a cone calorimeter test (CCT). The LOI value reached 28.5% and UL-94 could pass V-0 for the PLA blend containing 25 wt% HABP-DOPO. A significant improvement in fire retardant performance was observed for PLA/HABP-DOPO blends. PLA/HABP-DOPO blends exhibited balanced mechanical properties. The flame retardant mechanism of PLA/HABP-DOPO blends was evaluated.

scholarly journals Manufacturing and Characterization of Functionalized Aliphatic Polyester from Poly(lactic acid) with Halloysite Nanotubes

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergi Montava-Jorda ◽  
Victor Chacon ◽  
Diego Lascano ◽  
Lourdes Sanchez-Nacher ◽  
Nestor Montanes
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Saturation ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Elongation At Break ◽  
Interesting Solution ◽  
Compost Soil

This work reports the potential of poly(lactic acid)—PLA composites with different halloysite nanotube (HNTs) loading (3, 6 and 9 wt%) for further uses in advanced applications as HNTs could be used as carriers for active compounds for medicine, packaging and other sectors. This work focuses on the effect of HNTs on mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical and degradation of PLA composites with HNTs. These composites can be manufactured by conventional extrusion-compounding followed by injection molding. The obtained results indicate a slight decrease in tensile and flexural strength as well as in elongation at break, both properties related to material cohesion. On the contrary, the stiffness increases with the HNTs content. The tensile strength and modulus change from 64.6 MPa/2.1 GPa (neat PLA) to 57.7/2.3 GPa MPa for the composite with 9 wt% HNTs. The elongation at break decreases from 6.1% (neat PLA) down to a half for composites with 9 wt% HNTs. Regarding flexural properties, the flexural strength and modulus change from 116.1 MPa and 3.6 GPa respectively for neat PLA to values of 107.6 MPa and 3.9 GPa for the composite with 9 wt% HNTs. HNTs do not affect the glass transition temperature with invariable values of about 64 °C, or the melt peak temperature, while they move the cold crystallization process towards lower values, from 112.4 °C for neat PLA down to 105.4 °C for the composite containing 9 wt% HNTs. The water uptake has been assessed to study the influence of HNTs on the water saturation. HNTs contribute to increased hydrophilicity with a change in the asymptotic water uptake from 0.95% (neat PLA) up to 1.67% (PLA with 9 wt % HNTs) and the effect of HNTs on disintegration in controlled compost soil has been carried out to see the influence of HNTs on this process, which is a slight delay on it. These PLA-HNT composites show good balanced properties and could represent an interesting solution to develop active materials.

scholarly journals The Use of Mussel Shell as a Bio-Additive for Poly(Lactic Acid) Based Green Composites

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 621-626
Author(s):  
Metehan Oğulcan Lap ◽  
◽  
Yasin Kanbur ◽  
Ümit Tayfun ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Injection Moulding ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Green Composites ◽  
Mussel Shell ◽  
Melt Mixing ◽  
Moulding Process ◽  
Injection Moulding Process ◽  
Shell Powder

Mussel shell is one of the most hazardous aquaculture wastes and its powder was used as an additive for bio-degradable poly (lactic acid) in this current study. Bio-composites were fabricated via conventional melt mixing technique followed by an injection moulding process. The effects of mussel shell powder inclusion on mechanical, melt-flow, water uptake and morphological performance of poly (lactic acid)-based green composites were reported.

Disintegration in Compost Conditions and Water Uptake of Green Composites from Poly(Lactic Acid) and Hazelnut Shell Flour

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 701-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Balart ◽  
N. Montanes ◽  
V. Fombuena ◽  
T. Boronat ◽  
L. Sánchez-Nacher
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Green Composites ◽  
Hazelnut Shell

Functionalization of Graphene and Its Influence on Mechanical Properties and Flame Retardancy of Jute/Poly(lactic acid) Composite

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 7074-7082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Yu ◽  
Changqing Hu ◽  
Yan Li
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Matrix Toughness ◽  
Modified Graphene

In this work, 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) was covalently grafted onto the surface of graphene to get modified graphene (G-DOPO) firstly. The mechanical properties and flame retardancy of jute/poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite with G-DOPO were studied. According to Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), it was confirmed that DOPO was grafted on the surface of graphene successfully. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results demonstrated that the residue char of the composites increased with the addition of G-DOPO. The total heat release (THR) of the composite was significantly reduced and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) increased after adding G-DOPO into the composite. Moreover, the mechanical properties results showed that the comprehensive effects of G-DOPO on the interface enhancement and matrix toughness were found.

Flammability and thermal properties of modified carbon nanotubes in poly(lactic acid)

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 1107-1122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Guo ◽  
Fei Xin ◽  
Congcong Zhai ◽  
Yu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Mass Loss Rate ◽  
Covalent Bond ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Modified Carbon Nanotubes

The multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were modified using phosphaphenanthrene compounds (9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO)) and vinyl triethoxy silane (VTES) by covalent bond. The DOPO- and VTES-treated CNTs were named DVCNT, and the structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. Nanocomposites were prepared by adding CNTs or DVCNT to poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and the flame retardancy was examined by determination of limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical burning (UL94), and cone calorimetry. Results reveal that the LOI of PLA/DVCNT_4% composites was increased to 26.6 and prevents dripping of PLA in some level, and DVCNT can significantly reduce heat release rate and mass loss rate during combustion, which indicate that DVCNT can improve the dispersibility of the CNTs in the polymer composites and hence enhance the flame retardancy simultaneously.

scholarly journals Mechanical and flammability properties of poly(lactic acid)/poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) blends and nanocomposites: Effects of compatibilizer and graphene

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 425-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilesh Kumar Shrivastava ◽  
Ooi Shu Wooi ◽  
Azman Hassan ◽  
Ibrahim Mohammed Inuwa
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Impact Strength ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Impact Tester ◽  
Ul 94

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)/polybutylene adipate co-terephthalate (PBAT) blends were prepared by melt blending and compatibilized by glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) on these compatibilized blends were investigated by incorporating GNP at different content. The formulated blend and nanocomposites were characterized for mechanical, morphological, thermal and flammability properties by using universal testing machine, impact tester, field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 respectively. The incorporation of 8 phr GMA into PLA/PBAT (75:25) blend as a compatibilizer results in a significant increase in impact strength (more than 14 times higher) compared to the uncompatibilized blend. Young's modulus and tensile strength of compatibilized PLA/PBAT nanocomposites increased upon addition of GNP and reached maximum values at 4 phr before decreasing slightly. However, impact strength decreased with increasing GNP contents. The thermal stability and the flame retardancy of the GNP reinforced blend nanocomposites were also improved with an increase in nanofiller content and the maximum values for the nanocomposites were achieved at 6 phr. Interestingly, the nanocomposites samples showed a UL-94 rating of V0 at 4 and 6 phr of GNP. Morphological studies using FESEM showed the GNP were evenly distributed and dispersed in the PLA/PBAT nanocomposites. The current methodology to prepare PLA/PBAT blend nanocomposite is an economical way to produce high strength biodegradable polymer which also has good flame retardancy.

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