On motivation and incoordination in grammar – The case of two Polish exclamative constructions

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-106
Author(s):  
Bogusław Bierwiaczonek
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Focal Element ◽  
Sentence Stress

Abstract The paper discusses two Polish exclamative constructions as instances of the Abstract Exclamative Construction (AEC) proposed by Michaelis and Lambrecht (1996). It is argued that while the Co-za Exclamative Construction is motivated straightforwardly by the identifying Co-za Question Construction as well as AEC, the Ale Exclamative Construction involves not only AEC but also a more complex process called “incoordination”, whereby a second coordinate clause with its coordinating conjunction ale becomes an autonomous monoclausal construction. The process involves a change in the information structure and in illocutionary force, which becomes increasingly expressive. In addition, it is accompanied by a shift of the sentence stress from the focal element in the second coordinate clause to the initial Ale.

scholarly journals Exploring the Complexity of the L2 Intonation System: An Acoustic and Eye-Tracking Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Di Liu ◽  
Marnie Reed
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Acoustic Feature ◽  
Real Time Processing ◽  
Visual Enhancement ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
Pitch Level ◽  
Sentence Stress ◽  
L1 English ◽  
L2 Pronunciation

Phonological research has demonstrated that English intonation, variably referred to as prosody, is a multidimensional and multilayered system situated at the interface of information structure, morphosyntactic structure, phonological phenomena, and pragmatic functions. The structural and functional complexity of the intonational system, however, is largely under-addressed in L2 pronunciation teaching, leading to a lack of spontaneous use of intonation despite successful imitation in classrooms. Focusing on contrastive and implicational sentence stress, this study explored the complexity of the English intonation system by investigating how L1 English and Mandarin-English L2 speakers use multiple acoustic features (i.e., pitch range, pitch level, duration, and intensity) in signaling contrastive and implicational information and how one acoustic feature (maximum pitch level) is affected by information structure (contrast), morphosyntactic structure (phrasal boundary), and a phonological phenomenon (declination) in L1 English and Mandarin-English L2 speakers' speech. Using eye-tracking technology, we also investigated (1) L1 English and Mandarin-English L2 speakers' real-time processing of lexical items that carry information structure (i.e., contrast) and typically receive stress in L1 speakers' speech; (2) the influence of visual enhancement (italics and bold) on L1 English and Mandarin-English L2 speakers' processing of contrastive information; and (3) L1 English and Mandarin-English L2 speakers' processing of pictures with contrastive information. Statistical analysis using linear mixed-effects models showed that L1 English speakers and Mandarin-English L2 speakers differed in their use of acoustic cues in signaling contrastive and implicational information. They also differed in the use of maximum pitch level in signaling sentence stress influenced by contrast, phrasal boundary, and declination. We did not find differences in L1 English and Mandarin-English L2 speakers' processing of contrastive and implicational information at the sentence level, but the two groups of participants differ in their processing of contrastive information in passages and pictures. These results suggest that processing limitations may be the reason why L2 speakers did not use English intonation spontaneously. The findings of this study also suggest that Complexity Theory (CT), which emphasizes the complex and dynamic nature of intonation, is a theoretical framework that has the potential of bridging the gap between L2 phonology and L2 pronunciation teaching.

Maximizing the explanatory power of constructions in cognitive construction grammar(s)

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Gonzálvez-García
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Dynamic Interaction ◽  
Construction Grammar ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Radical Construction ◽  
Cognitive Construction Grammar

Abstract This squib suggests two possible ways in which cognitively-oriented constructionist approaches (Cognitive Construction Grammar, Radical Construction Grammar, and Embodied Construction Grammar) could enhance the explanatory power of constructions. First, the anatomy of a construction should spell out how the morphosyntactic realizations of arguments are specifically mapped onto their inherent semantico-pragmatic properties, while also including detailed information concerning illocutionary force, information structure, register, politeness, etc. Second, it is argued that coercion should be best understood as a continuum allowing for varying degrees of (in-)compatibility between the verb and the construction taken as a whole. Moreover, parameterization and linguistic cueing prove useful to handle the dynamic interaction of the morphosyntactic, semantico-pragmatic, and discourse-functional hallmarks of constructions, including those which invite metonymic inferencing.

Assertion and the Declarative Mood

2019 ◽  
pp. 37-57
Author(s):  
Mark Jary
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Illocutionary Force ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Natural Languages ◽  
Linguistic Form

This chapter argues that assertion is fundamentally linguistic, in that it is a practice that can exist only in a speech community that has a linguistic form specified for the performance of assertions, that is, a declarative mood marker. Such a conception is required in order to distinguish assertion from other content-conveying linguistic acts, such as presupposition and implicature. The declarative mood also plays an information-structure role, but this can be separated from its role as an indicator of illocutionary force. Finally, while in human natural languages the declarative is a sentential mood, consideration of imaginary languages lacking the category of sentence shows that the declarative need not be sentential.

scholarly journals Do they understand more? Turkish EFL speakers perception of sentence stress in English

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Anita Buczek-Zawiła
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Relative Information ◽  
Sentence Stress

As one of the most prominent elements of intonation sentence stress frequently contributes to the meaning expressed by speakers. It most typically signals details of an utterance information structure, but it also performs a contrastive or emphasizing function, thus expressing focus in the spoken discourse. In English and many other languages its location, while exhibiting certain regularities it additionally determined by extra relevant or relative information. As such, either alone or in combination, it may communicate certain additional shades of meaning that, similarly to the contribution of sentence intonation, may escape the attention of EFL speakers. The paper explores the comprehension sensitivity of Turkish speakers of English when it comes to identifying meaning details contributed by sentence stress. It investigates their awareness as detected through perception of variable sentence stress location. The target group are Turkish advanced speakers of English, with various levels of competence, and only sporadic phonetic training in English for part of them. In a perception-based experiment they were asked to identify the details they perceive. Their results were then compared and analysed, also in relation to what their native language (with a distinction into sentential and focal stress) adds in terms of this module of utterance intonation. Finally, their results were correlated with those achieved by Polish advanced speakers of English as investigated in a similar study conducted earlier. The interpretation of the results reveals that Turkish EFL speakers are more sensitive to the highlighting or contrastive function of sentence stress, achieving overall better result here than when they are to judge its contribution to notion such as politeness or impatience. They are also rather competent at detecting the prominent element in an utterance.

Phonetic Correlates of Word and Sentence Stress

2020 ◽  
pp. 149-165
Author(s):  
Vincent J. van Heuven ◽  
Alice Turk
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Specific Structure ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Acoustic Parameters ◽  
Acoustic Correlates ◽  
Sentence Level ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sentence Stress ◽  
Germanic Languages

This chapter reviews the acoustic correlates and perceptual cues of linguistic stress at the word and sentence level, mainly in English and other Germanic languages. A first theme is whether word and sentence stress can be ordered monotonically along the same phonetic scale, rather than involving different acoustic parameters and perceptual dimensions. Other topics are the phonetic reflexes of the Alternation Principle (‘NoClash’) and of changes in information structure as well as the effect of sentence stress on the temporal organization of words and phrases. The work on non-Germanic languages raises the issue of the weighting of stress correlates and its possible interaction with language-specific structure. Two hypotheses are evaluated: (i) languages will mark the difference between stressed and unstressed syllables more forcefully as word stress location is less predictable and (ii) a stress correlate will be less important if it is involved elsewhere in the phonology of the language.

ultrastructural process of intestinal wound healing

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 1024-1025
Author(s):  
Rick L. Vaughn ◽  
Shailendra K. Saxena ◽  
John G. Sharp
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscles ◽  
Microscopic Level ◽  
Light Microscopic Level ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Wound Model ◽  
Serosal Surface ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Orderly Fashion

We have developed an intestinal wound model that includes surgical construction of an ileo-cecal patch to study the complex process of intestinal wound healing. This allows approximation of ileal mucosa to the cecal serosa and facilitates regeneration of ileal mucosa onto the serosal surface of the cecum. The regeneration of ileal mucosa can then be evaluated at different times. The wound model also allows us to determine the rate of intestinal regeneration for a known size of intestinal wound and can be compared in different situations (e.g. with and without EGF and Peyer’s patches).At the light microscopic level it appeared that epithelial cells involved in regeneration of ileal mucosa originated from the enlarged crypts adjacent to the intestinal wound and migrated in an orderly fashion onto the serosal surface of the cecum. The migrating epithelial cells later formed crypts and villi by the process of invagination and evagination respectively. There were also signs of proliferation of smooth muscles underneath the migratory epithelial cells.

Adventism in Ukraine: Attitude to national and cultural traditions, phenomena of the present

1997 ◽  
pp. 33-36
Author(s):  
Anatoliy Moskovchuk
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Cultural Traditions ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Historical Contribution ◽  
Intellectual Environment

Ukraine is the motherland of not only Ukrainians but also of many national minorities with different cultures and traditions. Ukraine is a Christian country in general, with non-Christian and non-Christian religions and confessional currents, along with traditional churches - Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant - rooted and actively developing non-traditional Ukrainian culture and spirituality. In Ukraine there is a complex process of spiritual revival, especially in the intellectual environment. Many are written and talk about the preservation of cultural heritage. Everywhere, monuments of architecture, art, which testify to the generally recognized historical contribution of Christianity to the development of spirituality and morality of the Ukrainian people, are restored. In our eyes, there are changes in social and religious relations.

A Political Economy Model of a Research University

2009 ◽  
pp. 132-143
Author(s):  
K. Sonin ◽  
I. Khovanskaya
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Research University ◽  
Hiring Decisions ◽  
Voting Rules ◽  
Economy Model ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
Optimal Incentives

Hiring decisions are typically made by committees members of which have different capacity to estimate the quality of candidates. Organizational structure and voting rules in the committees determine the incentives and strategies of applicants; thus, construction of a modern university requires a political structure that provides committee members and applicants with optimal incentives. The existing political-economic model of informative voting typically lacks any degree of variance in the organizational structure, while political-economic models of organization typically assume a parsimonious information structure. In this paper, we propose a simple framework to analyze trade-offs in optimal subdivision of universities into departments and subdepartments, and allocation of political power.

On Beginning to Become Dietitians

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Debbie MacLellan ◽  
Jacqui Gingras ◽  
Daphne Lordly ◽  
Jennifer Brady
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Professional Socialization ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
The Future

This paper explores beginning dietetic practitioners’ perspectives on the process of becoming dietetics professionals through the use of vignettes to illuminate the complex process of professional socialization.  Embedded in these vignettes are three themes related to the socialization process that occurs in the early years of dietetic practice: congruence, resilience, and relationships.  Our findings indicate that new dietitians struggle to develop their dietitian identity.  They feel unprepared for the relational and practice realities of the workplace and find the transition from dietetic intern to dietitian challenging.  They seek many ways to cope including seeking support from others and planning for the future but some consider leaving the profession.  It is important to understand the professional socialization and identity formation processes that occur during the early years of practice to ensure that dietitians feel prepared and supported as they begin their careers.

Exploring Potentials for Culinary Tourism through a Food Festival: The Case of Thessaloniki Food Festival

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-125
Author(s):  
George Chatzinakos
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Planning Tool ◽  
Urban Experience ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Culinary Tourism ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
New Destination ◽  
Structural Networks ◽  
The City ◽  
Culinary Culture

This paper seeks to conceptualize the way Thessaloniki is promoting culinary tourism, whilst supporting and building upon local networks; engaging and co-creating an urban experience with its citizens and visitors. The aim of the paper is to suggest a potential framework that can be used as a strategic planning tool for the promotion of culinary tourism in Thessaloniki. In this direction, a food festival is being investigated. The last, is conceived by the organizers as the foundation of the idea of culinary tourism in the city. However, the findings indicate that there is a lack of active participation by the locals and not enough communication among various assets that are associated with the culinary identity of the city. In general, Thessaloniki seems to embody the ongoing struggle of a new destination, which is dealing with the complex process of branding and marketing without having the proper tools and the vital required collaboration between its structural networks. Accordingly, the research provides a lens through which the culinary culture of Thessaloniki can be used as a strategic pillar for stimulating a sustainable way of “consuming” and promoting the city’s identity; enhancing Thessaloniki’s appeal as a culinary destination.

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