Fungal Biodeterioration of Paper: How are Paper and Book Conservators Dealing with it? An International Survey

2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sílvia O. Sequeira ◽  
Eurico J. Cabrita ◽  
Maria F. Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
International Survey ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Fungal Development

AbstractPaper biodeterioration by fungi has always been a concern in archives, libraries and museums. Several guidelines have been published regarding the prevention of fungal development in paper collections and recovery of affected objects, but what is actually being implemented from the literature by worldwide paper and book conservators? How common is this type of biodeterioration? What needs to be further studied? In order to access this information we conducted an online international questionnaire with participants from 20 different countries. The results show that fungal biodeterioration is highly common in paper collections. All of the respondents already had to deal with paper deteriorated by fungi, and although the vast majority uses active measures to prevent fungal development, most of them have already experienced active fungal infestations. The mainly used preventive measures are the ones concerned with the control of the environmental conditions in storage and display rooms. Drying the affected paper objects and applying 70% ethanol are the most preferred options to stop active fungal growth. The study of non-toxic and safer antifungals is considered here as the most relevant research topic in the area of paper biodeterioration by fungi, meaning that the options currently available are not totally satisfactory.

scholarly journals Radon monitoring in a historical building in Košice city, Slovakia – a case study

2021 ◽  
Vol 900 (1) ◽  
pp. 012040
Author(s):  
E Singovszká ◽  
A Eštoková ◽  
M Vertaľ
Keyword(s):  
Human Exposure ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Indoor Radon ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Historical Building ◽  
Limit Value ◽  
Radon Monitoring

Abstract It is known that the highest contribution to the yearly radiation dose for the population derives from natural radioactivity. About 50% of that is estimated to be caused by exposure to radon (Rn) and its products. Human exposure to indoor Rn is currently considered a relevant research topic, because of the associated epidemiological aspects. This paper aimed at Rn concentration measurement in a selected building in Košice city, Slovakia. The continuous monitoring of indoor radon levels was performed over a period of 40 days. The measured concentrations ranged in a wide interval up to 92 Bq/m3. The WHO limit value of 100 Bq/m3 wasn´t exceeded. Analysing the possible sources, both contributions of radon from the building materials and radon from the soil was observed.

scholarly journals Analysis of spatio-temporal fungal growth dynamics under different environmental conditions

IMA Fungus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liselotte De Ligne ◽  
Guillermo Vidal-Diez de Ulzurrun ◽  
Jan M. Baetens ◽  
Jan Van den Bulcke ◽  
Joris Van Acker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal

INHIBITION OF FUNGAL GROWTH BY BACTERIA DURING CELLULOSE-DECOMPOSITION

1961 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Henis ◽  
Paulina Keller ◽  
A. Keynan
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Filter Paper ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Pure Culture ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Agar Medium ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Cellulose Decomposition ◽  
Cellulose Filter

The cellulose-decomposing flora developing from soil crumbs on filter paper placed upon an agar medium was studied. Under these conditions fungal development was significantly inhibited by bacterial growth. When cellophane was substituted for filter paper, no inhibition of fungal growth was observed. A pure culture of Cellvibrio inhibited the vegetative growth of Stachybotrys when inoculated simultaneously on media containing carboxymethyl-cellulose, filter paper, or glucose up to 0.1%. This inhibition was shown to be caused by competition for available carbohydrates.

FUNGAL COLONIZATION AND ZEARALENONE ACCUMULATION IN MAIZE EARS INJURED BY BIRDS

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.C. SUTTON ◽  
W. BALIKO ◽  
H.J. LIU
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Fusarium Moniliforme ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Agelaius Phoeniceus ◽  
Fungal Colonization ◽  
Fungal Development

Relationships of depredation by red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus L.) and simulated bird injury to fungal development, zearalenone accumulation, yield and protein in maize (Zea mays L.) ears were examined. Natural and simulated bird injury were inflicted when the kernels were at the milk or soft-dough stages of development. Both treatments predisposed kernels to fungal colonization. In noninjured maize, fungi proliferated on few kernels of only a few ears. However, in injured maize, injured kernels were colonized rapidly by weakly aggressive fungi and noninjured kernels were colonized frequently and often extensively by Fusarium moniliforme Sheldon and Fusarium graminearum Schwabe. Loosening and shredding of husks was a factor in predisposition to fungal growth. The mycotoxin zearalenone was found (0.5–7.0 μg/g dried kernels) in ears injured by birds or artificially, but not in noninjured ears. Yields of dried kernels in injured ears generally declined with increased natural or simulated bird injury, but often there was compensatory growth of noninjured kernels in injured ears. Crude protein usually constituted a higher percentage of kernel dry matter in injured ears than in noninjured ears.

scholarly journals THE MEANINGFULNESS OF LIFE FOR THE ELDERLY WHO LIVE IN NURSING HOMES

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Riem Malini Pane
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Guidance And Counseling ◽  
General View ◽  
Life Meaning ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Elderly Living

This article contains an analysis of the life meaning of the elderly living in a nursing home. The life meaning is obtained from a theoretical literature review about the life meaning (the results of research from 2009-2020). Based on the theory, the elderly are classified into 4 groups, namely: middle age which is between 45-59 years old, elderly which is between 60-74 years old, old which is between 75-90 years old, and very old which is over 90 years old. The steps in this literature review are identifying key research topics; read abstract of relevant research results; record the reading results by making a literature map (literature map) in sequence; pouring a general view of the research topic based on existing literature, then explaining the originality and importance of the research topic to be carried out in comparison with the existing literature. The study results of this article are useful for guiding the implementation of guidance and counseling for the life meaning of the elderly’s life.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN KRIMINOLOGIS TERHADAP PELANGGARAN LALU LINTAS SECARA MASSAL DALAM MASA KAMPANYE PEMILU

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Andi Rahmah
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Election Campaign ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Traffic Violations ◽  
General Elections

Abstract               The purpose of this study is to determine the factors that cause mass traffic violations during the election campaign period and efforts to overcome them by police officers against mass traffic violations during the election campaign period. This research is normative with field research where data collection is done by interview and questionnaire distribution to several parties related to the research topic, besides the author also conducts library research through related data and books relating to the research topic, furthermore the data obtained were analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude several things, among others: (1) Factors that cause mass traffic violations during the election campaign period are indisciplinary factors, lack of supervision, no sanctions are given, habits, factors of selfishness, participation and facilities and infrastructure. (2) Efforts made by the Makassar City Police Traffic Unit in handling mass traffic violations during the election campaign period are through two efforts, the first being preventive measures, by conducting socialization using print and electronic media, and making banners and posters on the streets that are considered strategic. Second, with repressive measures or actions, these efforts take the form of reprimands, speeding tickets, and confiscation.Keywords: Criminologists, General Elections, Traffic, Violations.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor penyebab  terjadinya  pelanggaran  lalu lintas  secara  massal dalam masa kampanye pemilu dan upaya penanggulangan yang dilakukan aparat kepolisisan terhadap pelanggaran lalulintas secara massal dalam masa kampanye pemilu. Penelitian ini bersifat normatif dengan penelitian lapangan dimana pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode wawancara dan pembagian angket terhadap beberapa pihak yang terkait dengn topik penelitian, selain itu penulis juga melakukan penelitian kepustakaan melalui data-data yang berkaitan dan buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan topik penelitian, selanjutnya data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara kualitatif dan dipaparkan  secara deskriptif. Berdasarkan analisis, penulis menyimpulkan beberapa hal, antara lain: (1) Faktor yang menyebabkan   terjadinya   pelanggaran  lalu lintas secara massal dalam masa kampanye pemilu yaitu faktor ketidakdisiplinan, kurangnya pengawasan tidak ada sanksi yang diberikan, kebiasaan, faktor egoisme, ikut-ikutan serta sarana dan  prasarana. (2) Upaya yang dilakukan oleh Satuan Lalu Lintas Kepolisian Resor Kota Besar Makassar dalam menaggulangi pelanggaran lalu lintas secara massal dalam masa kampanye pemilu yaitu melalui dua upaya yaitu yang pertama dengan upaya preventif, dengan melakukan sosialisasi dengan menggunakan media cetak, maupun elektronik,  serta  membuat  spanduk  dan  poster  di  jalan-jalan  yang dianggap strategis. Kedua dengan upaya represif atau penindakan, upaya ini berupa teguran, tilang, serta penyitaan.Kata Kunci : Kriminologis, Pelanggaran, Lalu Lintas, Pemilihan Umum.

scholarly journals AAC as a Potential Target Gene to Control Verticillium dahliae

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofeng Su ◽  
Latifur Rehman ◽  
Huiming Guo ◽  
Xiaokang Li ◽  
Hongmei Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Verticillium Dahliae ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Fungal Development ◽  
Knockout Mutants ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Novel Strategy ◽  
Fungal Genes ◽  
Type V

Verticillium dahliae invades the roots of host plants and causes vascular wilt, which seriously diminishes the yield of cotton and other important crops. The protein AAC (ADP, ATP carrier) is responsible for transferring ATP from the mitochondria into the cytoplasm. When V. dahliae protoplasts were transformed with short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting the VdAAC gene, fungal growth and sporulation were significantly inhibited. To further confirm a role for VdAAC in fungal development, we generated knockout mutants (ΔVdACC), which were hypersensitive to stresses such as UV light and high concentrations of NaCl or sorbitol. Compared with wild-type V. dahliae  (Vd wt), ΔVdAAC was impaired in germination and virulence; these impairments were rescued in the complementary strains (ΔVdAAC-C). Moreover, when an RNAi construct of VdAAC under the control of the 35S promoter was used to transform Nicotiana benthamiana, the expression of VdAAC was downregulated in the transgenic seedlings, and they had elevated resistance against V. dahliae. The results of this study suggest that VdAAC contributes to fungal development, virulence and response to stresses and is a promising candidate gene to control V. dahliae. In addition, RNAi is a highly efficient way to silence fungal genes and provides a novel strategy to improve disease resistance in plants.

scholarly journals Language Prognosis and Language Diversity in the Russian Federation: Sociolinguistic Aspect

2019 ◽  
pp. 6-23
Author(s):  
Aysa Bitkeeva ◽  
Monika Wingender ◽  
Vida Mikhalchenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Language Diversity ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
New Research

The article considers the methodological basis of sociolinguistic research into language perspectives with a focus on linguistic diversity in the Russian Federation, the study of which is closely connected with such sociolinguistic concepts as language situation, language policy and language planning. Оver the recent decades, sociolinguistics has witnessed a real boom in new research showing a growing variety of methods for studying linguistic diversity. Closer consideration of these papers shows that the authors focus on the search for tools to analyze the prerequisites, history and current situation of linguistic diversity. However, research methods for the future development of linguistic diversity – linguistic forecasting, lack for scientific representation. Analysis of the prospects for the development of languages in present-day conditions is no less relevant research topic. The identification of the laws of language development requires a comprehensive approach from the position of sociolinguistics, which leads to the multifaceted nature of scientific research, the consideration of the object not only from the linguistic point of view, but also from sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, ethnolinguistic etc. factors. The authors present an overview of sociolinguistic methods. As part of a combination of methods, which is justified by the variety of goals and subjects of linguistic forecasting, the authors analyze some possible methods of sociolinguistic forecasting (parametric, statistical, discursive) and their practical application in the study of linguistic diversity. The article concludes with forecasts for linguistic diversity in the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals Making interaction with virtual reality accessible: rendering and guiding methods for subtitles

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belén Agulló ◽  
Mario Montagud ◽  
Isaac Fraile
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
End Users ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Relevant Research ◽  
End To End ◽  
Immersive Media

AbstractAccessibility in immersive media is a relevant research topic, still in its infancy. This article explores the appropriateness of two rendering modes (fixed-positioned and always-visible) and two guiding methods (arrows and auto-positioning) for subtitles in 360° video. All considered conditions have been implemented and integrated in an end-to-end platform (from production to consumption) for their validation and evaluation. A pilot study with end users has been conducted with the goals of determining the preferred options by users, the options that result in a higher presence, and of gathering extra valuable feedback from the end users. The obtained results reflect that, for the considered 360° content types, always-visible subtitles were more preferred by end users and received better results in the presence questionnaire than the fixed-positioned subtitles. Regarding guiding methods, participants preferred arrows over auto-positioning because arrows were considered more intuitive and easier to follow and reported better results in the presence questionnaire.

An unusual case of an immersion hand presentation in a young signaller operating in the jungle in Belize

2017 ◽  
pp. jramc-2017-000811
Author(s):  
Kirstie E Forbes ◽  
P Foster
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Unusual Case ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Warm Weather ◽  
Combat Effectiveness ◽  
Overseas Training ◽  
Austere Environments

Belize, hosting one of the British Army's overseas training areas, provides access to challenging terrain and austere environments, which allows the delivery of training to soldiers on survival and combat within the jungle environment. A 26-year-old infanteer on exercise in Belize presented with progressive bilateral dry, painful, oedematous hands, secondary to the harsh environmental conditions of the jungle and inadequate drying of his hands resulting in his inability to perform his combat duties. The symptoms completely resolved with drying, emollient application and analgesia. While there are no reported cases of immersion hand, comparisons can be made with the well-reported warm weather immersion foot. This case highlights the importance of force preparation and soldier education for units deploying to the jungle. Simple preventive measures, including adequate ‘wet–dry’ drills and use of emollients can reduce the prevalence of immersion hand, a preventable condition, which can have a significant impact on the overall combat effectiveness of the unit.

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