Are persistent aircraft trails a threat to the environment and health?

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabien Deruelle
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Particulate Emissions ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Weather Modification ◽  
Metallic Particles ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Solar Geoengineering

Abstract According to most scientific studies, media and governments, the white trails that can be seen behind aircraft in flight, corresponding to condensation mixed with engine particulate emissions, only persist under specific atmospheric conditions. They are called condensation trails, and cirrus contrails when they remain for hours to reach several kilometers wide. The fact that they have gradually filled the skies over the last twenty years would be due to the increase in air traffic. However, other official documents link these persistent trails to a weather modification technology called solar geoengineering by stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI). These sprays would be mainly composed of metallic particles (Al, Ba, Sr, Fe, nanoparticles) and sulfur, which would considerably increase air, soil and water pollution. Many of the current environmental and health problems are consistent with those described in the literature on solar geoengineering by SAI if this method was employed. For example, metal particles used are well known environmental contaminants, ozone layer depletion, cardiorespiratory diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, sunburn. The observations (whiter skies, less solar power) also correspond to the same risks as those described in the solar geoengineering works. Patents show that this weather modification technology has been known and mastered for a long time. In addition, some scientific papers as well as policy documents suggest that solar geoengineering by SAI has been used for many years. The amount of official information presented in this review is intended to open new ways of investigation, free of conflicts of interest, about the growing global pollution of persistent aircraft trails and their possible links with solar geoengineering by SAI.

scholarly journals Water vapour foreign-continuum absorption in near-infrared windows from laboratory measurements

2012 ◽  
Vol 370 (1968) ◽  
pp. 2557-2577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igor V. Ptashnik ◽  
Robert A. McPheat ◽  
Keith P. Shine ◽  
Kevin M. Smith ◽  
R. Gary Williams
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapour ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Pair Interaction ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Atmospheric Absorption ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Long Time

For a long time, it has been believed that atmospheric absorption of radiation within wavelength regions of relatively high infrared transmittance (so-called ‘windows’) was dominated by the water vapour self-continuum, that is, spectrally smooth absorption caused by H 2 O−H 2 O pair interaction. Absorption due to the foreign continuum (i.e. caused mostly by H 2 O−N 2 bimolecular absorption in the Earth's atmosphere) was considered to be negligible in the windows. We report new retrievals of the water vapour foreign continuum from high-resolution laboratory measurements at temperatures between 350 and 430 K in four near-infrared windows between 1.1 and 5 μm (9000–2000 cm −1 ). Our results indicate that the foreign continuum in these windows has a very weak temperature dependence and is typically between one and two orders of magnitude stronger than that given in representations of the continuum currently used in many climate and weather prediction models. This indicates that absorption owing to the foreign continuum may be comparable to the self-continuum under atmospheric conditions in the investigated windows. The calculated global-average clear-sky atmospheric absorption of solar radiation is increased by approximately 0.46 W m −2 (or 0.6% of the total clear-sky absorption) by using these new measurements when compared with calculations applying the widely used MTCKD (Mlawer–Tobin–Clough–Kneizys–Davies) foreign-continuum model.

scholarly journals Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liren Wei ◽  
Duoying Ji ◽  
Chiyuan Miao ◽  
John C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Future Warming

Abstract. Flood risk is projected to increase under projections of future warming climates due to an enhanced hydrological cycle. Solar geoengineering is known to reduce precipitation and slowdown the hydrological cycle, and may be therefore be expected to offset increased flood risk. We examine this hypothesis using streamflow and river discharge responses to the representative concentration pathway RCP4.5 and Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4 experiments. We also calculate changes in 30, 50, 100-year flood return periods relative to the historical (1960–1999) period under the RCP4.5 and G4 scenarios. Similar spatial patterns are produced for each return period, although those under G4 are closer to historical values than under RCP4.5. Under G4 generally lower streamflows are produced on the western sides of Eurasia and North America, with higher flows on their eastern sides. In the southern hemisphere northern parts of the land masses have lower streamflow under G4, and southern parts increases relative to RCP4.5. So in general solar geoengineering does appear to reduce flood risk in most regions, but the relative effects are largely determined by this large scale geographic pattern. Both streamflow and return period show increased drying of the Amazon under both RCP4.5 and G4 scenarios, with more drying under G4.

scholarly journals Global streamflow and flood response to stratospheric aerosol geoengineering

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (21) ◽  
pp. 16033-16050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liren Wei ◽  
Duoying Ji ◽  
Chiyuan Miao ◽  
Helene Muri ◽  
John C. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Return Period ◽  
Flood Risk ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hydrological Cycle ◽  
Stratospheric Aerosol ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Geographic Pattern ◽  
Solar Geoengineering ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Future Warming

Abstract. Flood risk is projected to increase under future warming climates due to an enhanced hydrological cycle. Solar geoengineering is known to reduce precipitation and slow down the hydrological cycle and may therefore be expected to offset increased flood risk. We examine this hypothesis using streamflow and river discharge responses to Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5 (RCP4.5) and the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) G4 scenarios. Compared with RCP4.5, streamflow on the western sides of Eurasia and North America is increased under G4, while the eastern sides see a decrease. In the Southern Hemisphere, the northern parts of landmasses have lower streamflow under G4, and streamflow of southern parts increases relative to RCP4.5. We furthermore calculate changes in 30-, 50-, and 100-year flood return periods relative to the historical (1960–1999) period under the RCP4.5 and G4 scenarios. Similar spatial patterns are produced for each return period, although those under G4 are closer to historical values than under RCP4.5. Hence, in general, solar geoengineering does appear to reduce flood risk in most regions, but the overall effects are largely determined by this large-scale geographic pattern. Although G4 stratospheric aerosol geoengineering ameliorates the Amazon drying under RCP4.5, with a weak increase in soil moisture, the decreased runoff and streamflow leads to an increased flood return period under G4 compared with RCP4.5.

scholarly journals ROLE OF PATHOGENIC PROTEINS AND CHRONIC INFLAMMATION IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 475-490
Author(s):  
A.P. Denysenko ◽  
O.O. Haikova ◽  
R.A. Moskalenko
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Economic Significance ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Vascular Insufficiency ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Β Amyloid ◽  
Key Terms

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia affecting up to 70% of all patients with dementia. Currently, the relevance of this neurodegenerative disease has increased due to its prevalence and lack of etiological and effective treatment. The consequence of this is an increase in the number of studies and scientific works aimed at studying this disease. The aim of the study was to analyze and systematize data on the prevalence, socioeconomic significance, theories of origin, as well as the role of pathogenic proteins in the development of Alzheimer's disease. The authors searched for information in electronic databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, with scientific papers and articles from the last 25 years on such key terms as Alzheimer's disease, β-amyloid, tau-peptide, metals, inflammation, S100 proteins. There are more than 56 million people with Alzheimer's disease in the world and the risk increases with age. Among the causes of death, Alzheimer's disease ranks sixth, and the costs of care about person with this diagnosis are three times higher than for other diseases in the same age group. That is why this issue has significant socio-economic significance. Many hypotheses have emerged in recent decades. For a long time, the theory of β-amyloid aggregation and the theory of tau protein were considered main, but later the priorities began to change. It has been found that the presence of pathogenic microorganisms can pose a risk for Alzheimer's disease. Also, some studies indicate the role of acetylcholine in the development of the disease, however, clinical trials have not confirmed this. There is a violation of metal homeostasis, which contributes to cognitive deficits and the development of neurodegeneration. Microglia, astrocytes and neurons are involved in the inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease. There is a vicious circle when Aβ causes vascular insufficiency, which in turn leads to an increase in Aβ accumulation. Also there is evidence of a direct relationship between oxidative stress and neuronal dysfunction. Undoubtedly, pathogenic proteins, including Aβ-peptide, tau-peptide and proteins of the S100 family, play a leading role in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Despite numerous studies, the causal or consequential role of various pathological factors and changes in Alzheimer's disease is still ambiguous and inconsistent. All this gives grounds for further scientific research in this direction.

scholarly journals Cobalt and copper recovery from the ancient flotation tailings by selective sulfation roast - leaching process

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-324
Author(s):  
M. Ozer
Keyword(s):  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Copper Recovery ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Iron Extraction ◽  
Flotation Tailings ◽  
Valuable Metals ◽  
Sulfation Roasting ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Direct Leaching

The ancient flotation tailings from Lefke, Cyprus, have a potential for non-ferrous metals such as cobalt and copper from more than 9.5 million tons of reserves containing 0.38% Cu, 0.032% Co, and 22.6% Fe. Recovery of cobalt and copper from these tailings can provide great benefits from economic and environmental perspectives. While the ancient tailings were kept long time in storage in dumps, the characteristics of the material has become different from the common Co and Cu bearing ores. In order to extract these valuable metals, a process involving combination of roasting and leaching was applied in this study. Since this process responded to recovery to some extent, an innovative technique of using Na2SO4 as a promoter during roasting was proposed. Utilizing of Na2SO4 did not provide only higher metal extractions, but also resulted in high selectivity. In the scope of the study, following the determination of the mineralogy and chemical composition of the tailings, certain processes such as direct leaching and sulfation roasting with/without additives before leaching were applied. Since low metal extractions were obtained from direct leaching, a selective sulfation process was applied on the tailings before leaching in order to produce a pregnant solution containing higher amounts of Co and Cu metals by reducing the iron concentration. When sulfation roasting was performed without any additive, the desired selectivity could not be provided, since the sample was considerably oxidized under the atmospheric conditions in the past. Therefore, the usage of Na2SO4 as an additive with the amount of 25% at a roasting temperature of 700?C was tested. Consequently, Na2SO4 improved the sulfation and resulted in higher cobalt (90.1%) and copper (71.2%) recovery during leaching. Beside this, an improvement with a selective sulfation was obtained by combined effect of Na2SO4 addition and temperature, and the iron extraction decreased from 26.1% to 3.9%.

OTENTISITAS HADITS MENURUT ABDULLAH AL-ASYI DALAM KITAB SYIFA' AL-QULUB

ALQALAM ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 449
Author(s):  
Abd Wahid
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Arabic Text ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Scientific Standards ◽  
Credible Source

This study tried to find an answer about the position of Sheikh Abdullah al - Asyi in terms of the authenticity of the Hadith. Can be formulated in more detail in the following questions: How does the quality of the hadith contained in the book Shifa' al-Qulub of Sheikh Abdullah al-Asyi?; How methods hadith mention in the book of Shifa' al -Qulub ; How is discussion authority of hadith in the Shifa' al-Qulub? According to the study authors, it can be concluded that: With regard to the quality of the hadith contained in this work, as far as the research that has been done, it can be said that there are several categories of hadith, there is a shahih, hasan and dha'if. The hadiths mention methods contained in the book Shifa' al-Qulub, in terms of the language used is the language Malay. While the script used is Arabic Jawi (jawi writing). In the hadith mention also, the author of this book does not mention the hadith texts in Arabic, both sanad and matan. In addition, the author also does not mention the source of the hadith collection of original sources. Based on the author's own admission, he does not mention the Arabic text, not to mention sanad and matan, and just take the intent or understanding of tradition alone. This, according to the author is to facilitate the readers, not boring and not spend a long time. Can also be explained, following the usual standards of scientific work today, it can be concluded that the reference to the Hadith without mentioning the sanad and matan, and sources, according to researchers in terms of scientific standards to be used as a less credible source or scientific references in scientific papers in present. Key words: Abdullah al-Asyi, Hadith, Authenticity

Patients Treated with Rituximab-Containing Immunochemotherapy Have a Significant and Prolonged Lack of Humoral Response to Influenza Vaccine Associated with a Persistent Depletion of B Memory Cells.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. 936-936
Author(s):  
Davide Bedognetti ◽  
Gabriele Zoppoli ◽  
Carlotta Massucco ◽  
Simonetta Zupo ◽  
Mario Roberto Sertoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Complete Remission ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Swine Flu ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Memory Cells ◽  
Long Time

Abstract Abstract 936 1 Background. Rituximab, anti-CD20 mAb, has become an essential drug for the treatment of Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL). Although transient B cells depletion frequently occurs after Rituximab treatment, it usually resolves after 6-9 months. Nevertheless, high frequency of non-neutropenic infections and persistent hypogammaglobulinaemia during follow-up period have been recently reported. However, impaired humoral response to the recall and primary antigens was found in NHL patients during (or few months after), Rituximab treatment. Influenza vaccination is generally recommended in Lymphoma patients, but no data are available about the activity of this vaccine after Rituximab-based chemotherapy (RIT). 2 Objective. To assess humoral response to influenza vaccine after RIT in complete remission (CR) NHL pts, as compared to healthy subjects. 3 Patients and Methods. Considered that disease status might affect the immune response, only NHL pts without evidence of disease and that had completed RIT no less than 6 months before the accrual were eligible. Healthy volunteers served as an age-matched control group. All the subjects were vaccinated with the same commercially available influenza vaccine (contained 2 A and 1 B viral strains). Hemagglutinin inhibition assays were performed before and 4 weeks after vaccination. The EMEA parametres for assessment of vaccines were determined. Seroconversion rate (SC), seroprotection rate (SP), and mean fold increase after Beyer correction/logarithmic transformation (BMFI) were evaluated to compare the two groups. Circulating lymphocytic subpopulations, NK and Dendritic cells, were assessed by immuno-cytofluorometry to evaluate the presence of potentially relevant phenotypic perturbations after vaccination and between the two groups. 4 Results. During 2008/09 epidemic season, 31 patients (PTS) and 34 healthy controls (CTR) were enrolled and analyzed. The median period after RIT administration was 29 months (range 7- 54). SC, SP and BMFI were lower in PTS group compared with CTR group (p <0.05 or less in 7/9 evaluated parameters). However, according with the EMEA criteria after age stratification, only the PTS weren't sufficiently protected. PTS that received Fludarabine-Rituximab regime had a high probability not to respond to any of the 3 vaccine strains and a lower SC as compared to PTS treated with the others regimes (p<0.05). Interestingly, while peripheral CD27- naïve B-cells were present, CD27+ memory B-cell populations were significantly depleted in the patients (p<0.0001) [Fig]. 5 Conclusions. Patients treated with RIT, especially those treated with Rituximab-Fludarabine regimens, have a significant lack of humoral response to influenza vaccine compared with healthy controls, even long time after treatment administration. In these patients the vaccination does not appear to confer adequate protection. The profound depletion in CD27+ B memory cells observed in these patients may explain, in part, this humoral failure. These results raise the concern that PTS treated with RIT, even if in complete remission or on follow since a long time, may be at particular risk of infection, therefore needing careful surveillance, during this period of H1N1 swine-flu spreading. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Nobel Non-Transferrin-Bound Iron (NTBI) Measuring System Utilizing Automatic Analyzer

Blood ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 120 (21) ◽  
pp. 3207-3207
Author(s):  
Satoshi Ito ◽  
Katsuya Ikuta ◽  
Katsunori Sasaki ◽  
Motohiro Shindo ◽  
Yoshihiro Torimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Hplc Method ◽  
The Body ◽  
New Method ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Automatic Analyzer ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Abstract 3207 Introduction and Aim: Iron is an essential metal in the body, but its overload causes various organ damages through free radical productions. When the balance of iron metabolism is collapsesed by a prolonged transfusion and iron medication etc, transferrin (Tf) will be saturated and non-Tf bound iron (NTBI) will appear in the serum. It has been reported that NTBI relates to oxidant stress and cellular damages. Concerning the measurement of NTBI in blood, there are several problems including the expensive consumables and the long time to measure. Moreover, the method of measuring NTBI was extremely complicated, so that very limited institutions can use this at the present. Among several methods, we focused on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based NTBI assay. The principle of measurement of HPLC method is bases on Gosriwatana I et al. (Anal Biochem, 1999); NTBI in serum was initially chelated by NTA and iron was transferred to another chelator, CP22, which had chromogenic effect when bound to iron. At last, the level of iron was quantitated by HPLC system. We improved the sensitivity of this method and reported by extreme reducing background iron contamination (Sasaki K et al. Mol Med Report, 2011). However, HPLC method still needs some improvement, because this method requires the samples and takes long time to measure, so that the many sample handling is difficult. Therefore, the novel measuring system within automated analyzer equipped in many hospitals is desired. From such a background, we aimed to develop the novel NTBI measuring reagent corresponding to the automatic analyzer by modifying the HPLC method. Methods: We developed the novel NTBI measuring system using NTA and Nitroso-xxxx (PSAP) as the chromogen instead of CP22. This system does not need any pre-treatment of serum samples. Then, we examined the basic performance of the novel NTBI reagent, and compared to HPLC method. Data analyses were performed using HITACHI 7700 auto analyzer. The following points were examined: (1) reproducibility (N=20), (2) comparison between the linearity of actual measured data and that of theoretically calculated data, (3) detection limit, (4) relation between the Tf saturations and NTBI values, (5) comparison of the value measured by the HPLC method and the value measured using novel NTBI measuring system. Result and Conclusion: Reproducibility was satisfactory (NTBI levels of pooled serum were 0.491±0.190μM). And measured values using this novel system showed a dose-dependent curve under the iron concentrations between 0 to 5μM. The detection limit was found to be 0.5μM using ±2.6SD at zero concentrations and was also able to detect the NTBI in blood in healthy person serum. In serum, when Tf saturation was approaching to 100%, NTBI turns into high values. When NTBI values of the serum obtained from the patients with written informed consent were measured, positive correlation (R2=0.935) was observed between the Tf saturation and NTBI. Moreover, the data obtained by HPLC method correlate positively with those determined by novel measuring system (R2=0.876). These should indicate that our novel measuring system for NTBI possess comparable efficiency compared with the HPLC method. Moreover, our new method should have quite attractive advantages: (A) that can measured approximately 800 samples in 1 hour, (B) that does not need any pre-treatment of sample serum, and (C) that does not need any expensive consumables, meaning excellent cost-benefit. Therefore our new method for the NTBI measuring using automatic analyzer must be useful and powerful for the research to elucidate the clinical importance of NTBI in various diseases in the near future. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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