scholarly journals Measuring income inequality: comparative datasets and methodological deficiencies. An overview of income inequality in Romania during postsocialism

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-82
Author(s):  
Ionuţ-Marian Anghel
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Household Expenditure ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Capitalism ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Made In

AbstractThe article delineates the main methodological deficiencies and datasets available for comparing income inequality at the European and world level. The article is divided in two parts. In the first part of the article, I present the main datasets and methodological deficiencies when trying to compare income inequality in the world. Although efforts have been made in the last decades to generate comparative databases, the qualities of some indicators are rather doubtful and also there is no common ground on conceptualizing inequality indicators and measuring them, some of which are income-based, while others are household expenditure-based. Then, I present two classical studies on studying income inequality after the Washington consensus. In the second part of the article I sketch an overview of rising income inequality in Romania after 1989 by presenting some income inequality indicators and comparing them with other former CEE countries. However, I will pinpoint that Romania’s case is rather exceptional in the EU and, when comparing standard income inequality indicators, further explication needs to be delivered. I conclude that while income inequality is the result of macro-structural changes that occurred during the transition to market capitalism, political decisions are not to be played-down.

scholarly journals Wahania koniunkturalne na światowym i polskim rynku odtłuszczonego mleka w proszku w latach 2004-2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 17(32) (1) ◽  
pp. 206-215
Author(s):  
Piotr Szajner
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Dairy Industry ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Domestic Market ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
World Markets ◽  
The World ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
The Eu

Economic activities are featured with certain cycles. The cycles can concern the whole economy as well as particular sectors. The dairy industry is one of the branches that are of high importance in Polish and the world as regards food sector. Polish dairy industry faced deep structural changes and modernisation. After the accession to the EU domestic market is strongly linked to both the EU and the world markets. The production in Poland exceeds consumption by ca 20%. The surplus is exported, which ties up the situation on the domestic market with the situation on international markets. Conducted analysis of the domestic and the world markets of milk skimmed powder showed parallel fluctuations. Domestic prices and the prices on the world markets are strongly correlated. The knowledge on the characteristics of those fluctuations allows stakeholders for a proper risk management as well as elaboration of suitable policy options by government administration.

scholarly journals Might Europe one day again be a global scientific powerhouse? Analysis of ERC publications suggests it will not be possible without changes in research policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Alonso Rodríguez-Navarro ◽  
Ricardo Brito
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Research Policy ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Economic Future ◽  
Basic Medical ◽  
The Eu

Numerous EU documents praise the excellence of EU research without empirical evidence and in contradiction of academic studies. We investigated research performance in two fields of high socioeconomic importance, advanced technology and basic medical research, in two sets of European countries, Germany, France, Italy, and Spain (GFIS), and the UK, Netherlands, and Switzerland (UKNCH). Despite their historical and geographical proximity, research performance in GFIS is much lower than in UKNCH, and well below the world average. Funding from the European Research Council (ERC) greatly improves performance in both GFIS and UKNCH, but ERC-GFIS publications are less cited than ERC-UKNCH publications. We conclude that research performance in GFIS and in other EU countries is intrinsically low, even in highly selected and generously funded projects. The technological and economic future of the EU depends on improving research, which requires structural changes in research policy within the EU, and in most EU countries.

scholarly journals Non-Tariff Measures in Indian Context and the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Rakhi Singh ◽  
Seema Sharma ◽  
Deepak Tandon
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Strategic Partner ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Per Capita Gdp ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Eu

Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies in the world today. In line with global trade trends, Indian export sector has been growing and contributing significantly to the economy. Given its exports structure, India is well positioned to benefit from the structural changes in technology and emerging forces of globalization. Indian economy has shown remarkable progress in terms of foreign trade after the introduction of economic reforms in 1991. The European Union (EU) is a very important trading partner of India. The trade volumes between India and EU have shown remarkable improvement in last one and a half decade. After starting out at a relatively low level in the 1990’s, the trade volumes, both with respect to Indian exports to the EU as well as with respect to Indian imports from the EU, started to increase most noticeably after the year 2001.Use of non-tariff measures (NTMs) as means of protection has captured a lot of focus after reduction of tariffs in the world trade. India even after being a strategic partner for European Union (EU) has to face lot of NTMs on its exports. Based on studies in the past, link between the incidence of NTMs imposed by the home country and the income level of the foreign country has been established. The interplay of incidence of NTMs and the GDP remains largely unexplored in the context of India-EU trade relationship. This paper tries to fill this gap and show the importance of the study in policy decisions. Authors have used UNCTAD’s NTM data and Spearman’s correlation coefficient to measure the strength and direction of the relationship between incidence of NTM with per capita GDP of the exporting country (India). The authors have used different permutations of data from the main data set (1994-95 to 2016-17) for analysis and have concluded that incidence of NTMs on Indian exports to EU is positively co-related to the per capita GDP of India.

Why China Needs to Urgently Address its Rising Income Inequality

2013 ◽  
Vol 05 (04) ◽  
pp. 43-52
Author(s):  
John WONG
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Gini Coefficients ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Recently, China published its Gini coefficients for the past 10 years, which all exceeded the warning level of 0.4. China's inequality level is among the highest 10% of countries in the world. In fact, the sources of China's income inequality stemmed from the sources of China's economic growth. Long-term remedy requires fundamental structural changes like removing institutional biases against equality and providing a more equal access to educational and income-earning opportunities.

scholarly journals Some Reflections on the Social Welfare Bases of the Measurement of Global Income Inequality

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Brandolini ◽  
Francesca Carta
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Inequality Measures ◽  
General Family ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
European Statistics ◽  
The Eu

AbstractThis paper examines the social welfare bases of the measurement of income inequality among the inhabitants of the world. We develop a general family of global inequality indices which encompasses different concepts of global equity, from the cosmopolitan to the nationalist view. The analysis also provides an interpretation of the EU-wide inequality measures adopted in European statistics.

The Structural Evolution of ‘Criticism and Self-Criticism’

1973 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 708-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell Dittmer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Made In

“ Criticism and self-criticism,” or inner-Party struggle as it is sometimes called, has always been a major mechanism of inner-Party decision making and discipline among Chinese political elites, but during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution it emerged as a form of mass mobilization and education as well. I shall argue here that this came about as a result of political decisions made in the context of a series of non-reversible structural changes in the Chinese system of communications

scholarly journals Inequality in China – Trends, Drivers and Policy Remedies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (127) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonali Jain-Chandra ◽  
Niny Khor ◽  
Rui Mano ◽  
Johanna Schauer ◽  
Philippe Wingender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Policy Reforms ◽  
Policy Initiatives ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future

China has experienced rapid economic growth over the past two decades and is on the brink of eradicating poverty. However, income inequality increased sharply from the early 1980s and rendered China among the most unequal countries in the world. This trend has started to reverse as China has experienced a modest decline in inequality since 2008. This paper identifies various drivers behind these trends – including structural changes such as urbanization and aging and, more recently, policy initiatives to combat it. It finds that policies will need to play an important role in curbing inequality in the future, as projected structural trends will put further strain on equity considerations. In particular, fiscal policy reforms have the potential to enhance inclusiveness and equity, both on the tax and expenditure side.

Social and logistical challenges in managing invasive predators: insights from islands in Japan and New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alistair S. Glen ◽  
Kazuaki Hoshino
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Invasive Species Management ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Invasive Predators ◽  
The World ◽  
Species Management ◽  
Island Biodiversity ◽  
Made In

Managing the impacts of invasive predators on islands is a priority for conserving global biodiversity. However, large islands and islands with substantial human settlement present particular challenges that can be broadly categorised as social and logistical. Around the world, managers concerned with island biodiversity are tackling increasingly ambitious projects, and some examples from Japan and New Zealand have been at the forefront. We used dialogues with managers, researchers, and community members, as well as our respective experience as wildlife researchers in Japan and New Zealand, to compare the challenges faced by wildlife managers in each country. We note similarities and differences between the two countries, and identify lessons from each that will help advance invasive species management on islands globally. Our observations from Japan and New Zealand show that considerable progress has been made in managing invasive predators on large, inhabited islands. Further progress will require more effective engagement with island residents to promote the goals of invasive species management, to find common ground, and to ensure that management is socially and culturally acceptable.

scholarly journals What it takes to be an entrepreneur in Romania

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 464-474
Author(s):  
Tatiana Segal ◽  
Shahrazad Hadad
Keyword(s):  
International Organisations ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Tax Exemptions ◽  
The World ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Research Centres ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Starting A Business ◽  
International Economies

Abstract For more than three decades now, famous and relatively famous theoreticians from around the world and from Romania having different specialisations and statuses within society (from economists who work in universities and research centres to those involved in political decisions, from anthropologists to sociologists, from political analysts to jurists) and also practitioners that have transposed their ideas into reality by creating their own small or medium enterprises which support their roles within both the national and international economies. Additionally, statistics, be them undertaken by international organisations such as UNO or the EU or other national institutes reveal the ever increasing share of SMEs within the GDP, employment, turnover and the list may continue. The concern of policy makers of encouraging the development of entrepreneurship is manifested both in the legislative and financial frameworks by granting tax exemptions to those starting a business, by awarding them financing under certain conditions or by fostering the possibility of their accessing various European funds. This article seeks to provide the necessary support to the persons/entities that would or should take the necessary steps in order to define the job of the entrepreneur or undertaker in the economic field in general and not particularly in the construction field making a review of the current entrepreneurial phenomenon in Romania and analysing the opinions of different entrepreneurs with respect to the requirements of the jobs they have. Purposively, we designed and distributed a questionnaire in Bucharest. The number of valid responses is 47 and even if the sample is not representative, we consider the findings a step forward to defining the entrepreneur job.

The Structural Evolution of ‘Criticism and Self-Criticism’

1973 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 708-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lowell Dittmer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cultural Revolution ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Structural Evolution ◽  
Political Elites ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Major Mechanism ◽  
Political Decisions ◽  
Made In

“ Criticism and self-criticism,” or inner-Party struggle as it is sometimes called, has always been a major mechanism of inner-Party decision making and discipline among Chinese political elites, but during the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution it emerged as a form of mass mobilization and education as well. I shall argue here that this came about as a result of political decisions made in the context of a series of non-reversible structural changes in the Chinese system of communications.

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