Tuteo, Effeminacy and Homosexuality: Change and Continuity in Costa Rican Spanish

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-347
Author(s):  
Víctor Fernández-Mallat ◽  
Matt Dearstyne
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Costa Rican Spanish ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Address System ◽  
Los Grupos

Abstract Costa Rica’s second-person singular (2PS) address system is known for both its changing nature and its incorporation of tuteo, ustedeo, and voseo forms. While the latter are generalized across communicative contexts, tuteo use has oscillated over time, being consistently associated with foreignness, effeminacy and homosexuality, with one study (Marín Esquivel, Rebeca. 2012. El pronombre ‘tú’ en los grupos homosexual y heterosexual heredianos. Revista Comunicación 21(2). 31–40) suggesting that homosexual men report using tuteo at levels significantly higher than heterosexuals. In this study, we revisit this finding using new data from a survey that elicited stated preferences for address forms and attitudes towards tuteo across different communicative contexts. Multinomial logistic regressions compared the address choices of homosexual men with those of heterosexual men and women, and attitudes were gauged by means of a thematic analysis. Results indicate that currently, with few exceptions, what best characterizes the distribution of address forms are similarities, regardless of sexuality or gender, with all participants reporting low rates of tuteo use across communicative settings. While these results suggest continued change in tuteo use, linguistic attitudes reveal a persistent perceived ideological connection between tuteo, foreignness, effeminacy and homosexuality.

scholarly journals Moving beyond T/V pronouns of power and solidarity in interaction : Persian agreement mismatch construction

Linguistica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golnaz Nanbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Address System

Research on Persian pronominal address forms (to the intimate "you" represented as "T" after French tu and šoma the deferential "you" similar to French vous represented as "V", historically plural but now also used as singular) has been limited to questionnaire data with a simplistic analytical model of T/V distinction. This paper documents the communicative strategies indexed by agreement mismatch construction (e. g. the mixed šoma pronoun use with the second person singular verbal agreement). The qualitative analysis is based on a corpus of interactional data and open-ended interviews to explain variations observed in the Persian pronominal address system. Strategic use of agreement mismatch construction suggests that politeness in address forms could be based on interlocutors stancetaking in negotiating relationships. 

scholarly journals “When you speak to a police officer and (call them) du”

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Blood
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
German Studies ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Pragmatic Development ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Address System

Abstract This study examines the development of pragmatic awareness of the German second person pronoun system by Australian study-abroad participants during a six-week language course in Germany. Data includes oral pre- and post- Language Awareness Interviews, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Students displayed a greater awareness of the German address system and showed a growing confidence and sophistication in justifying their choices of address forms as well as an increased reliance on information acquired from native and expert speakers throughout their stay in Germany. Interview data and field notes indicate that students were socialised into second language (L2) practices of address term use by way of explicit correction from L2 speech community members on incorrect use of address forms. Such correction appears to have influenced their pragmatic development. The study supports previous research stating that even short stays abroad can encourage improvement in language features that are difficult to acquire in the classroom (Hassall, 2013) and shows why this is particularly beneficial in the context of German Studies due to the preference for direct and explicit speech in the German speech community.

The Voseo in Costa Rican Spanish

Hispania ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Villegas
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rican ◽  
Costa Rican Spanish

Childhood Play Behavior of Homosexual and Heterosexual Men

1982 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 607-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward A. Grellert
Keyword(s):  
Play Behavior ◽  
Complete Picture ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Childhood Play ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
School Differences ◽  
Male Homosexuals ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
At Home

Previous studies of male homosexuals' childhood play behavior have reported a limited selection of play activities. To get a more complete picture, 25 homosexual men and 25 comparison men were interviewed extensively about their play activities during ages 3 to 13 yr. at home and ages 6 to 11 yr. at school. Differences were found on 11 specific activities. Compared to heterosexual men, fewer homosexuals played “masculine” activities and more homosexuals played “feminine” activities. More homosexual subjects also recalled poor skill in throwing or catching a ball.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection and non-gonococcal urethritis in homosexual and heterosexual men in Edinburgh

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 425-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Dixon ◽  
S Pearson ◽  
D J Clutterbuck
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Routine Testing ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
The Usa ◽  
And Bisexual

In 1998, when ligase chain reaction testing for chlamydial infection was introduced in our clinic in Edinburgh, routine clinic protocol included the testing of all heterosexual, but not homosexual, men for urethral chlamydial infection. We audited all new homosexual and bisexual male attendees with a diagnosis of chlamydial infection or non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in 1999, together with heterosexual men with the same diagnoses attending in alternate months of the same year. Urethral Chlamydia trachomatis infection was detected in 14.6% (350/2402) of heterosexual men and 2.4% (11/465) of homosexual men tested. Fifty percent of chlamydial infections were asymptomatic. In this population 44% (84/190) of NGU in heterosexual men is attributable to C. trachomatis as opposed to only 10% (6/59) of that in homosexual men. These rates of chlamydial infection differ from previous reports in Scotland and recent studies from the USA. Our clinic protocol has been revised to include routine testing for chlamydial infection in all men.

Gonorrhoea in a south London genitourinary medicine department

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 625-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Newell ◽  
E Herbert ◽  
J Vigus ◽  
A Grieg ◽  
M E Rodgers MRCOG
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Medicine Department ◽  
Direct Microscopy ◽  
Medicine Clinic ◽  
Genitourinary Medicine

The management and outcome of all cases of gonorrhoea which presented to a south London genitourinary medicine clinic during 1999 were assessed and compared with published national guidelines. The incidence of penicillin resistance was calculated, as was the rate of co-infection with chlamydia and trichomonas. Information regarding demographic data, microscopy, culture results, test of cure, antibiotic use, sensitivity and health adviser contact was examined. A total of 257 cases of gonorrhoea were diagnosed in 238 patients. Heterosexual men constituted 52.9% of cases, 6.6% were in homosexual men and 40.5% in women. Direct microscopy was positive in 88.8% of men and in 40.5% of women. In women, the rate of gonorrhoea co-infection with chlamydia was 34.7% and with trichomonas was 11.5%. In men the rate of chlamydia co-infection was only 3.3%, however, we do not believe this to be an accurate figure as we are unable to routinely screen all men for chlamydia due to financial restrictions. Amoxicillin with probenecid were the most commonly used antibiotics in line with local guidelines. Penicillin resistance was demonstrated in 4.6% of infected cases. Health advisers saw 73.2% of patients.

scholarly journals The ancient Greek address system and some proposed sociolinguistic universals

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Address System

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes the results of a longer study of address forms in Ancient Greek, based on 11,891 address tokens from a variety of sources. It argues that the Greek evidence appears to contradict two tendencies, found in address forms in other languages, which have been claimed as possible sociolinguistic universals: the tendency toward T/V distinctions, and the principle that “What is new is polite.” It is suggested that these alleged universals should perhaps be re-examined in light of the Greek evidence, and that ancient languages in general have more to contribute to sociolinguistics than is sometimes realized. (Address, Ancient Greek, T/V distinctions)

The Role of Implicature in Castilian Pronominal Address Forms

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Sinnott
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Conversational Implicature ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Castilian Spanish

AbstractSecond person singular address forms in Castilian Spanish are shown to contribute meaning to an utterance via conventional and conversational implicature. The V form conventionally implicates distance regardless of context. The motivation behind the expression of distance is inferred based on context; it is conversationally implicated. Motivations for distance marking include respect and anger (among others). The T form relies on its opposition with V, in combination with context, to conversationally implicate content such as intimacy or disrespect (among others). Conclusions are based on interview and survey data from 92 native speakers in Madrid and Manzanares, Spain.

Immunological Study of Condylomata Acuminata in Men Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
P E Bishop ◽  
A McMillan ◽  
S Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Condylomata Acuminata ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Immunological Study ◽  
Immunoperoxidase Method ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Anal Warts

As condylomata acuminata often persist in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), an immunohistological study of warts from infected men was undertaken to further knowledge about human papillomavirus persistence in this group. Using an indirect immunoperoxidase method and a panel of monoclonal antibodies, the phenotypes of cells were studied in cryostat sections of perianal or anal warts removed from 14 HIV-infected men (10 homosexual and 4 heterosexual) and from 16 non-infected men (10 homosexual and 6 heterosexual). Although the median numbers of CD1+ CD3+ and CD4+ cells per unit area were similar in each group of individuals, the number of CD8+ cells was significantly higher in HIV-infected homosexual men when compared with non-infected individuals and HIV-infected heterosexual men. The median CD4+ cell count in the peripheral blood was significantly higher in HIV-infected heterosexual men than in HIV-infected homosexual men ( P<0.05). These findings may reflect differences in duration of HIV infection between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the proportion of cells expressing interleukin-2 receptors between HIV-infected and non-infected individuals. Natural killer (CD16+) cells were not identified in any of the condylomata.

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