scholarly journals The ancient Greek address system and some proposed sociolinguistic universals

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor Dickey
Keyword(s):  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Address System

ABSTRACTThis article summarizes the results of a longer study of address forms in Ancient Greek, based on 11,891 address tokens from a variety of sources. It argues that the Greek evidence appears to contradict two tendencies, found in address forms in other languages, which have been claimed as possible sociolinguistic universals: the tendency toward T/V distinctions, and the principle that “What is new is polite.” It is suggested that these alleged universals should perhaps be re-examined in light of the Greek evidence, and that ancient languages in general have more to contribute to sociolinguistics than is sometimes realized. (Address, Ancient Greek, T/V distinctions)

Tuteo, Effeminacy and Homosexuality: Change and Continuity in Costa Rican Spanish

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-347
Author(s):  
Víctor Fernández-Mallat ◽  
Matt Dearstyne
Keyword(s):  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
Costa Rican ◽  
Heterosexual Men ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Costa Rican Spanish ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Address System ◽  
Los Grupos

Abstract Costa Rica’s second-person singular (2PS) address system is known for both its changing nature and its incorporation of tuteo, ustedeo, and voseo forms. While the latter are generalized across communicative contexts, tuteo use has oscillated over time, being consistently associated with foreignness, effeminacy and homosexuality, with one study (Marín Esquivel, Rebeca. 2012. El pronombre ‘tú’ en los grupos homosexual y heterosexual heredianos. Revista Comunicación 21(2). 31–40) suggesting that homosexual men report using tuteo at levels significantly higher than heterosexuals. In this study, we revisit this finding using new data from a survey that elicited stated preferences for address forms and attitudes towards tuteo across different communicative contexts. Multinomial logistic regressions compared the address choices of homosexual men with those of heterosexual men and women, and attitudes were gauged by means of a thematic analysis. Results indicate that currently, with few exceptions, what best characterizes the distribution of address forms are similarities, regardless of sexuality or gender, with all participants reporting low rates of tuteo use across communicative settings. While these results suggest continued change in tuteo use, linguistic attitudes reveal a persistent perceived ideological connection between tuteo, foreignness, effeminacy and homosexuality.

scholarly journals ANALISIS SISTEM SAPAAN DALAM KAD UNDANGAN PERKAHWINAN MELAYU

2020 ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
NURUL AIN ALIZUDDIN ◽  
NIK NUR ATHIRAH NIK MOHD ARIF
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Address System

Kajian ini meneliti penggunaan sistem sapaan dalam kad undangan perkahwinan masyarakat Melayu. Sistem sapaan dalam masyarakat Melayu amat unik kerana terdapat pelbagai sistem gelaran dan panggilan berdasarkan status sosial seseorang individu tersebut. Oleh itu, kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan bahawa sistem sapaan yang diamalkan merupakan satu bentuk kesantunan berbahasa kerana melambangkan taraf dan status sosial seseorang. Data dianalisis menggunakan Teori Ervin-Tripp (1972). Kaedah yang digunakan dalam kajian ini ialah kaedah kualitatif dengan teknik kajian analisis kata sapaan dalam kad undangan perkahwinan Melayu. Berdasarkan analisis kajian pustaka yang dijalankan, faktor yang mempengaruhi sistem sapaan dan panggilan dalam masyarakat Melayu adalah berdasarkan status sosioekonomi seseorang, iaitu umur, jantina, pangkat dan pendidikan individu. Sistem sapaan dan panggilan dalam masyarakat Melayu mempunyai fungsi yang tersendiri, iaitu untuk menunjukkan rasa hormat dan memuliakan seseorang, mengeratkan hubungan kekeluargaan dan persaudaraan. Selain itu, sistem sapaan bertujuan mendidik generasi muda kini dan generasi akan datang untuk menghormati orang yang lebih tua. Kajian sistem sapaan ini penting dan memberi manfaat kepada masyarakat Melayu kerana dengan menerapkan nilai-nilai kesantunan dalam berkomunikasi, masyarakat Melayu lebih dipandang tinggi dan dihormati.   This study examined the use of the address system in Malay wedding invitation cards. The address system in the Malay community is very unique due to the use of various titles and terms based on the social status of the intended individuals. This paper was therefore aimed at proving that the address system practised in the community was a form oflanguage politeness since it portrayed the rank and social status of a person. Data were analysed with the theory proposed by Ervin-Tripp (1972). This study utilised a qualitative approach using the technique of extracting andanalysing address forms used in Malay wedding invitation cards. Based on the analysis, it was found that factors affecting the address system and honorifics in the Malay community depended on a person’s socioeconomicstatus such as age, gender, rank and education of individuals. The address system in the Malay community has specific functions namely to show respect and honour, and to strengthen family and community bonds. In addition, the use of the address system is aimed at educating the young and future generations to respect their elders. This study is critical and beneficial to the Malay community since inculcating politeness values in communication with others would lead to the community being regarded with esteem and respect.

scholarly journals Moving beyond T/V pronouns of power and solidarity in interaction : Persian agreement mismatch construction

Linguistica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golnaz Nanbakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Communicative Strategies ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Verbal Agreement ◽  
Address System

Research on Persian pronominal address forms (to the intimate "you" represented as "T" after French tu and šoma the deferential "you" similar to French vous represented as "V", historically plural but now also used as singular) has been limited to questionnaire data with a simplistic analytical model of T/V distinction. This paper documents the communicative strategies indexed by agreement mismatch construction (e. g. the mixed šoma pronoun use with the second person singular verbal agreement). The qualitative analysis is based on a corpus of interactional data and open-ended interviews to explain variations observed in the Persian pronominal address system. Strategic use of agreement mismatch construction suggests that politeness in address forms could be based on interlocutors stancetaking in negotiating relationships. 

scholarly journals “When you speak to a police officer and (call them) du”

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalind Blood
Keyword(s):  
Participant Observation ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
German Studies ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Second Person ◽  
Pragmatic Development ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Field Notes ◽  
Address System

Abstract This study examines the development of pragmatic awareness of the German second person pronoun system by Australian study-abroad participants during a six-week language course in Germany. Data includes oral pre- and post- Language Awareness Interviews, semi-structured interviews and participant observation. Students displayed a greater awareness of the German address system and showed a growing confidence and sophistication in justifying their choices of address forms as well as an increased reliance on information acquired from native and expert speakers throughout their stay in Germany. Interview data and field notes indicate that students were socialised into second language (L2) practices of address term use by way of explicit correction from L2 speech community members on incorrect use of address forms. Such correction appears to have influenced their pragmatic development. The study supports previous research stating that even short stays abroad can encourage improvement in language features that are difficult to acquire in the classroom (Hassall, 2013) and shows why this is particularly beneficial in the context of German Studies due to the preference for direct and explicit speech in the German speech community.

scholarly journals THE SYSTEM OF PRONOMINAL ADDRESS IN LATVIAN: A SOCIOLINGUISTIC ASPECT

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 134-138
Author(s):  
Linda Lauze
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Personal Pronouns ◽  
Sociolinguistic Variation ◽  
Address Forms ◽  
Address System

This paper represents the study of sociolinguistic variation. The Latvian language has two singular personal pronouns tu (T) and jūs (V) used for addressing one person but sociolinguistic processes in society reflects that the use of the T pronoun intensifies outside informal speech situations. The  aim of  the  research  is  to characterize the system of pronominal address as well as to test the steadiness of the V pronoun (jūs) in the Latvian language. The empiric part of the research is a qualitative study based on personal interviews, direct observation, and responses in two questionnaires distributed in 1999–2000 and in 2018. The use of  Latvian address forms has been changed in comparison with the Soviet period. For instance, in education. It seems that the high prestige of English and changes of communication style in Latvia are one of the factors making a positive linguistic attitude to the wider use of the T pronoun. However, according to the results of the research, at present Latvians are not ready to reject the pronoun jūs. This was concluded in both questionnaires by answers of 85.5 % of respondents in 1999–2000 and  87 % – in 2018. The Latvian personal pronoun jūs as a significant part of the address system is no doubt the feature of Latvia’s culture.

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