scholarly journals Projection in Interaction and Projection in Grammar

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Auer
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Conversational Structure ◽  
Grammar And Interaction

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that there are fundamental common features shared by interaction and grammar that suggest some kind of interdependence between the two and a nonautonomy of the language faculty; one of these fundamental common features is that of ‘projectability’. Human interaction rests on the possibility of projection; the grammars of human languages provide interlocutors with sedimentated and shared ways of organizing them.Empirical evidence for this view comes from structural homologies between action projection and grammatical projection. In particular, it is shown (on the basis of conversational examples from German) that in both cases: (1) the strength of the projective force can vary; (2) emerging gestalts can be framed by weakly projecting introductions; (3) projections can be interrupted; (4) full gestalts can be expanded; and (5) projections can be abandoned.The projectability of syntactic as well as sequence structures suggests an approach to syntax that takes into account the temporal unfolding of speech in time. It also suggests looking at the indeterminate areas between syntax and conversational structure in which the borderline between grammar and interaction can only be drawn on an ad hoc basis.

Changes in environment as cause for environmentally induced migration of people

2017 ◽  
pp. 527-537
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ljustina
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Complex Relation ◽  
Environmental Migration ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Adequate Definition ◽  
The Subject

Migration is one of the oldest and most used strategies for overcoming negative social issues. Despite the fact that it is historically deeply rooted, environmental migration as a social phenomenon has only recently become the subject research of numerous scientific fields. However, the study of current environmental migration is characterized by a number of issues, such as absence of an adequate definition and multi-causality of environmental migration. In this paper, through conceptual framework, author analyzed two main questions: who are environmental migrants and what reasons cause environmental migration. Due to the destruction of the global environmental balance, as well as accumulated environmental disturbances, it is likely that environmental migration will increase in future and there is nowhere you cannot make more use of scientific and professional projection of the future than in demographic and environmental spheres of human life. There is no doubt that our future is unpredictable. However, the environmental factors influencing the pattern of human interaction with the environment must be taken into account when projecting future development of the modern society. Such is the context in which the complex relation among migration, change and the environment has to be studied. In order to establish the basis for controlling environmental migration caused by negative changes in the environment, it is necessary to adopt a consistent strategy instead of ad hoc activities that are being used. In this paper, author analyzed societal response for the challenges caused by environmental migration, specifically regarding actions related to governing environmental migrations.

Urban management, destination management and urban destination management: a comparative review with issues and examples from New Zealand

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas G. Pearce
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Urban Management ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Multiple Actors

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to first outline the central thrust of two currently non-convergent but intrinsically related streams of research – urban management and destination management – and explore the links between them. Both require an approach which coordinates and integrates multiple actors and functions in dynamic settings. Design/methodology/approach – The paper then analyses empirical examples from three New Zealand cities to illustrate relationships between destination management and urban management in practice. Findings – These cases show that without being labelled as such, quite a lot of activity takes place which reflects dimensions of both destination management and urban management, especially in terms of integration and coordination. This raises questions of just what constitutes destination management, a series of discrete ad hoc actions or some broader vision and framework. Originality/value – Empirical evidence from the three New Zealand cities shows that, with the exception of Dunedin, destination management is not a term or a concept that is explicitly used there. Nevertheless, without being labelled as such, in practice there is quite a lot of activity taking place which reflects dimensions of both destination management and urban management, especially in terms of integration and coordination.

Statebuilding and Nationbuilding

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Goetze ◽  
Dejan Guzina
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Violent Conflict ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Contradictory Evidence

Since the early 1990s, the number of statebuilding projects has multiplied, often ending several years or even decades of violent conflict. The objectives of these missions have been formulated ad hoc, driven by the geopolitical contexts in which the mandates of statebuilding missions were established. However, after initial success in establishing a sense of physical security, the empirical evidence shows that most statebuilding efforts have failed, or achieved only moderate success. In some countries, violence has resumed after the initial end of hostilities. In others, the best results were authoritarian regimes based on fragile stalemates between warring parties. A review of the literature on statebuilding indicates a vast number of theories and approaches that often collide with each other, claim the exact opposite, and mount (contradictory) evidence in support of their mutually exclusive claims. Still they are united by their inquiry into the general structural and policy-making conditions that nurture or impede statebuilding processes. A problematic characteristic of the statebuilding literature is a lack of dialogue across the various disciplines. Many of the claims in the international relations literature on external statebuilding are a mirror image of the previous ones made on democratization. Another problem is the propensity to repeat the same mistakes of the previous generations.

scholarly journals The Place of Universal Grammar in the Study of Language and Mind: A Response to Dabrowska (2015)

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Boxell
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Universal Grammar ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Language Faculty ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Generative Linguistics ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Human Ability

AbstractGenerative Linguistics proposes that the human ability to produce and comprehend language is fundamentally underwritten by a uniquely linguistic innate system called Universal Grammar (UG). In her recent paper What is Universal Grammar, and has anyone seen it? Ewa Dabrowska reviews a range of evidence and argues against the idea of UG from a Cognitive Linguistics perspective. In the current paper, I take each of Dabrowska’s arguments in turn and attempt to show why they are not well founded, either because of flaws in her argumentation or because of a careful consideration of the available empirical evidence. I also attempt to demonstrate how evidence from the fields Dabrowska reviews actually supports the notion of UG. However, arguments are additionally presented in favor of integrating an understanding of domain-specific UG with an understanding of domain-general cognitive capacities in order to understand the language faculty completely.

Communication in a multilingual society: Some missed opportunities

1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Jayant Lele ◽  
Gita Martohardjono
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
Principle Of Charity ◽  
Cross Cultural Analysis ◽  
Cooperative Principles

ABSTRACTThis article critically examines contemporary interactional studies of the cultural specifity of human language, conducted mostly in modern, multiethnic, industrialized societies (e.g., Clyne 1979; Gumperz 1982a, 1982b; Valdés & Pino 1981). What is often presented as the “linguistic evidence” for miscommunication in such contexts is in fact, we argue, the locus of the violations of the cooperative principles of discourse and human interaction, such as the Principle of Charity (Davidson 1974) and the Principle of Humanity (Grandy 1973). The conclusions these studies arrive at are vitiated by the fact, for which considerable empirical evidence exists, that the native speaker's repairability threshold depends crucially on nonlinguistic variables (Hackman 1977). Only a cross-cultural analysis of how or whether these misconstruals entail analogous consequences, regardless of who is being misunderstood by whom, can, we argue, produce the sort of evidence these studies claim to unearth.

Autonomy Measures for Robots

2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui-Min Huang ◽  
Elena Messina ◽  
Robert Wade ◽  
Ralph English ◽  
Brian Novak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Group ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Unmanned Vehicles ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Unmanned Systems ◽  
Current State ◽  
A Value

Robots are becoming increasingly autonomous. Yet, there are no commonly accepted terms and measures of how “autonomous” a robot is. An ad hoc working group has been formed to address these deficiencies, focusing on the unmanned vehicles domain. This group is defining terminology relevant to unmanned systems and is devising metrics for autonomy levels of these systems. Autonomy definitions and measures must encompass many dimensions and serve many audiences. An Army general making decisions about deployment of unmanned scout vehicles may want to only know a value on a scale from 1 to 10, whereas test engineers need to know specifics about the types of environments and missions that the vehicles are expected to deal with. Any system will have to communicate with humans, hence this is an important dimension in evaluating autonomy. The autonomy levels for unmanned systems (ALFUS) group is therefore developing metrics based on three principal dimensions: task complexity, environmental difficulty, and human interaction. This paper reports on the current state of the ALFUS metric for evaluating robots.

OT Interventions to Promote and Support Client Self-Advocacy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 7512505105p1-7512505105p1
Author(s):  
Laura Vanpuymbrouck ◽  
Kimberly Lieberman ◽  
Abraham Kim ◽  
Erin Thrasher ◽  
Theresa Guzaldo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Self Advocacy ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Successful Outcomes ◽  
Primary Author

Abstract Date Presented 04/13/21 This literature review examined the evidence within the scope of OT practice addressing client development of self-advocacy and synthesizing the content of effective OT interventions addressing client development of self-advocacy to identify common features vital to successful outcomes. Additionally, this study aims to determine the quality of available empirical evidence of OT interventions designed to promote and support client self-advocacy. Primary Author and Speaker: Laura Vanpuymbrouck Additional Authors and Speakers: Olivia Easterbrooks-Dick Contributing Authors: Alison Teasdale

scholarly journals Budgeting as practice and knowing in action: experimenting with Bourdieu's theory of practice: an empirical evidence from a public university

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaturika Priyadarshani Seneviratne ◽  
Ashan Lester Martino
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Public University ◽  
Management Control ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Real Essence

PurposeThe present study aims to explore how various doings, strategic actions and power relations stemming from internal agents are instrumental in (re)constituting the different forms and meanings of budgeting in a specific field.Design/methodology/approachThe paper uses a single-case study method based on a Sri Lankan public university. Data are collected using interviews, documentary evidence and observations.FindingsThe empirical evidence suggested that internal agents are crucial, and they are the producers of budgetary practice as they possess practical knowledge and power relations in the field where they operate. The case data demonstrate that organisational agents do have real essence as active and acting to produce effects in budgeting practices, and the significance of exploring the singularity of multiple agents in terms of their viewpoints, trajectories, dispositions and power relations, who may form, sustain or interrupt budgetary practices in a given setting.Research limitations/implicationsAs the research is directed towards the selection of in-depth enquiry of specific setting infused with culture, values, perception and ideology, it might cause to diminish the researcher's analytical objectivity and independence of the research.Practical implicationsAs budgetary practices are product of human interaction, it is important to note that practitioners should be concerned with what agents do in actual practice and their inactions, influences and power relations in budgeting practices, which might not align with the structural forces enlisted in the budgeting. It would be of interest for future empirical research to explore the interplay between the diverse interests of organisational agents and agents beyond the individual organisations.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the literature on management control practices by documenting the importance of understanding the “practice” through relational thinking of all three concepts is emphasised, such interrelated theoretical insights are seldom used to understand accounting practices. This research emphasises the importance of bringing out the microprocessual facets of management control to open up its non-conscious, non-strategic and non-rationalist forms.

to increase simultaneously the manifestness of a wide range of assumptions, so that her intention concerning each of these assumptions is weakly manifest, then each of them is weakly communicated. An example would be sniffing ecstatically and osten-sively at the fresh seaside air. There is, of course, a continuum of cases in between. In the case of strong communication, the communicator can have fairly precise expectations about some of the thoughts that the audience will actually entertain. With weaker forms of communication, the communicator can merely expect to steer the thoughts of the audience in a certain direction. Often, in human interaction, weak communication is found sufficient or even preferable to the stronger forms. Non-verbal communication tends to be relatively weak. One of the advantages of verbal communication is that it gives rise to the strongest possible form of com-munication; it enables the hearer to pin down the speaker’s intentions about the explicit content of her utterance to a single, strongly manifest candidate, with no alternative worth considering at all. On the other hand, what is implicit in ver-bal communication is generally weakly communicated: the hearer can often fulfil part of the speaker’s informative intention by forming any of several roughly similar but not identical assumptions. Because all communication has been seen as strong communication, descriptions of non-verbal communication have been marred by spurious attributions of ‘meaning’; in the case of verbal communication, the difference between explicit content and implicit import has been seen as a differ-ence not in what gets communicated but merely in the means by which it is com-municated, and the vagueness of implicatures and non-literal forms of expression has been idealised away. Our account of informative intentions in terms of man-ifestness of assumptions corrects these distortions without introducing either ad hoc machinery or vagueness of description.

2005 ◽  
pp. 164-164
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Verbal Communication ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Explicit Content ◽  
The Difference

Are you trying to be funny? Communicating humour in deafblind conversations

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 584-602
Author(s):  
Louisa Willoughby ◽  
Howard Manns ◽  
Shimako Iwasaki ◽  
Meredith Bartlett
Keyword(s):  
Sign Language ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Language Modality ◽  
Conversation Partner

Humour is a prevalent feature in any form of human interaction, regardless of language modality. This article explores in detail how humour is negotiated in conversations among deafblind Australians who are fluent users of tactile Australian Sign Language (Auslan). Without access to the visual or auditory cues that are normally associated with humour (e.g. smiles, laughter, eye crinkles and ‘smile voice’), there is a risk that deafblind interactants will misconstrue humorous utterances as serious, or be unsure whether their conversation partner has got the joke. In this article, we explore how humorous utterances unfold in tactile signed interactions. Drawing on Conversation Analytic principles, we outline the ad hoc and more conventionalised signals deafblind signers use to signal amusement. Looking at humour in these conversations contributes to a greater understanding of how humour is conveyed across language modalities and further support for humour’s centrality to interactional solidarity.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document