scholarly journals Therapeutic agents currently employed against Covid-19: an effort to control the pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Matías-Pérez ◽  
Alma Dolores Pérez-Santiago ◽  
Marco Antonio Sánchez-Medina ◽  
Iván Antonio García-Montalvo
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Online Search ◽  
All Treatment

AbstractThe disease caused by the new coronavirus (COVID-19) is characterized by fever and cough, in addition to affecting the lower respiratory tract and being associated with age, comorbidities and a weakened immune system. Lymphopenias occur in severe cases and an excessive production of inflammatory cytokines, which would explain the role of the hyperinflammatory response in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. In the absence of treatment for this virus, there is an urgent need to find alternative methods to control the spread of the disease, so we have conducted an online search for all treatment options related to coronavirus infections, as well as some infections due to viruses, general treatments, specific coronavirus treatments and antiviral treatments should be useful in the fight against COVID-19, the therapeutic agents evaluated included chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir/ritonavir, tocilizumab, ribavirin, interferons, nelfinavir, ivermectin, monoclonal antibodies and convalescent plasma.

PERAN IBU DALAM PENINGKATAN SISTEM IMUN ANAK DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Cindy Ayustin Noya ◽  
Angkit Kinasih ◽  
Venti Agustina ◽  
R.Rr Maria Dyah Kurniasari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut atau yang sering disebut ISPA merupakan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan baik saluran pernafasan atas atau bawah.ISPA juga kebanyakan terjadi pada anak balita karena daya tahan tubuh mereka tidak kuat dalam menghadapi penyakit ISPA. ISPA mengakibatkan kematiansekitar15%-20% per tahun pada usia balita di Negara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa peran ibu dalam meningkatkan sistem imun anak dengan ISPA.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan sampel purposive sampling.Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak dengan riwayat dan saat ini menderita penyakit ISPA di Batu Gajah Kota Ambon.Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian mendapati 4 kategori yaitu pemberian nutrisi pada anak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan agar sistem imunnya terjaga, kebersihan lingkungan, peran ibu dalam melakukan pencegahan pada anaknya yang mengalami ISPA, dan  peran ibu dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan kesehatan anaknya.   Kata kunci: peran ibu, sistem imun, ispa THE ROLE OF MOTHERS IN INCREASING IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION    ABSTRACT Acute respiratory infections or often called ARI is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. ARI occurs mostly in children under the age of five because their endurance is not strong in dealing with ARI. ARI results in deaths of around 15%-20% per year at the age of under-five in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of mothers in improving the immune system of children against ARI. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive with a purposive sampling sample. Respondents and samples of this study were five mothers who had children with a history of ARI and currently suffering from the disease in Batu Gajah, Ambon City. The results of the study found 4 categories, namely providing nutrition to children to meet their needs so that their immune systems are maintained, clean environment, mother's role in preventing children with ARI, and mother's role to preserve and maintain the health of their children. The findings indicated that in terms of coping or improving the immune system of a child to avoid ARI, it is necessary to have role the of mothers in providing nutrition so that the immune system is boosted, besides that the mother can prevent and protect her child from various diseases, especially ARI. Keywords: role of mothers, immune system, acute respiratory infections

Microbiota, Immune System and Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Integrative Model towards Novel Treatment Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (31) ◽  
pp. 5119-5136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Carpita ◽  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Lionella Palego ◽  
Gino Giannaccini ◽  
Laura Betti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Familial Aggregation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Integrative Model ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Close Relatives

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a condition strongly associated with genetic predisposition and familial aggregation. Among ASD patients, different levels of symptoms severity are detectable, while the presence of intermediate autism phenotypes in close relatives of ASD probands is also known in literature. Recently, increasing attention has been paid to environmental factors that might play a role in modulating the relationship between genomic risk and development and severity of ASD. Within this framework, an increasing body of evidence has stressed a possible role of both gut microbiota and inflammation in the pathophysiology of neurodevelopment. The aim of this paper is to review findings about the link between microbiota dysbiosis, inflammation and ASD. Methods: Articles ranging from 1990 to 2018 were identified on PUBMED and Google Scholar databases, with keyword combinations as: microbiota, immune system, inflammation, ASD, autism, broad autism phenotype, adult. Results: Recent evidence suggests that microbiota alterations, immune system and neurodevelopment may be deeply intertwined, shaping each other during early life. However, results from both animal models and human samples are still heterogeneous, while few studies focused on adult patients and ASD intermediate phenotypes. Conclusion: A better understanding of these pathways, within an integrative framework between central and peripheral systems, might not only shed more light on neural basis of ASD symptoms, clarifying brain pathophysiology, but it may also allow to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders, still poorly responsive to available treatments.

scholarly journals The Role of Monoclonal Antibodies in Smoldering and Newly Diagnosed Transplant-Eligible Multiple Myeloma

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 451
Author(s):  
Elena Zamagni ◽  
Paola Tacchetti ◽  
Paola Deias ◽  
Francesca Patriarca
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Survival Outcomes ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Cellular Targets ◽  
Recent Introduction

The recent introduction of monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), with several cellular targets, such as CD-38 (daratumumab and isatuximab) and SLAM F7 (elotuzumab), differently combined with other classes of agents, has significantly extended the outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) in different phases of the disease. Initially used in advanced/refractory patients, different MoAbs combination have been introduced in the treatment of newly diagnosed transplant eligible patients (NDTEMM), showing a significant improvement in the depth of the response and in survival outcomes, without a significant price in terms of toxicity. In smoldering MM, MoAbs have been applied, either alone or in combination with other drugs, with the goal of delaying the progression to active MM and restoring the immune system. In this review, we will focus on the main results achieved so far and on the main on-going trials using MoAbs in SMM and NDTEMM.

scholarly journals The lung microbiota in Korean patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung-Yoon Kang ◽  
Hyojung Kim ◽  
Sungwon Jung ◽  
Sang Min Lee ◽  
Sang Pyo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Flexible Bronchoscope ◽  
Bronchial Washing

Abstract Background The microbiota of the lower respiratory tract in patients with non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) has not been fully evaluated. We explored the role of the lung microbiota in NTM-PD by analyzing protected specimen brushing (PSB) and bronchial washing samples from patients with NTM-PD obtained using a flexible bronchoscope. Results Bronchial washing and PSB samples from the NTM-PD group tended to have fewer OTUs and lower Chao1 richness values compared with those from the control group. In both bronchial washing and PSB samples, beta diversity was significantly lower in the NTM-PD group than in the control group (P = 2.25E-6 and P = 4.13E-4, respectively). Principal component analysis showed that the PSBs and bronchial washings exhibited similar patterns within each group but differed between the two groups. The volcano plots indicated differences in several phyla and genera between the two groups. Conclusions The lower respiratory tract of patients with NTM-PD has a unique microbiota distribution that is low in richness/diversity.

scholarly journals Monoclonal Antibodies as Neurological Therapeutics

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 92
Author(s):  
Panagiotis Gklinos ◽  
Miranta Papadopoulou ◽  
Vid Stanulovic ◽  
Dimos D. Mitsikostas ◽  
Dimitrios Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Neurological Conditions ◽  
Disease Pathways

Over the last 30 years the role of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics has increased enormously, revolutionizing treatment in most medical specialties, including neurology. Monoclonal antibodies are key therapeutic agents for several neurological conditions with diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, including multiple sclerosis, migraines and neuromuscular disease. In addition, a great number of monoclonal antibodies against several targets are being investigated for many more neurological diseases, which reflects our advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. Untangling the molecular mechanisms of disease allows monoclonal antibodies to block disease pathways accurately and efficiently with exceptional target specificity, minimizing non-specific effects. On the other hand, accumulating experience shows that monoclonal antibodies may carry class-specific and target-associated risks. This article provides an overview of different types of monoclonal antibodies and their characteristics and reviews monoclonal antibodies currently in use or under development for neurological disease.

scholarly journals Breast Cancer Immunotherapy: An Update

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117822341877480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam Makhoul ◽  
Mohammad Atiq ◽  
Ahmed Alwbari ◽  
Thomas Kieber-Emmons
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cancer Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Disease ◽  
Immune Attack

The immune system plays a major role in cancer surveillance. Harnessing its power to treat many cancers is now a reality that has led to cures in hopeless situations where no other solutions were available from traditional anticancer drugs. These spectacular achievements rekindled the oncology community’s interest in extending the benefits to all cancers including breast cancer. The first section of this article reviews the biological foundations of the immune response to different subtypes of breast cancer and the ways cancer may overcome the immune attack leading to cancer disease. The second section is dedicated to the actual immune treatments including breast cancer vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and the “unconventional” immune role of chemotherapy.

scholarly journals The Role of the Immune Response in the Pathogenesis of Bronchiectasis

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. King
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Small Airways ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Causative Factors ◽  
Triggering Factor

Bronchiectasis is a prevalent respiratory condition characterised by permanent and abnormal dilation of the lung airways (bronchi). There are a large variety of causative factors that have been identified for bronchiectasis; all of these compromise the function of the immune response to fight infection. A triggering factor may lead to the establishment of chronic infection in the lower respiratory tract. The bacteria responsible for the lower respiratory tract infection are usually found as commensals in the upper respiratory tract microbiome. The consequent inflammatory response to infection is largely responsible for the pathology of this condition. Both innate and adaptive immune responses are activated. The literature has highlighted the central role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of bronchiectasis. Proteases produced in the lung by the inflammatory response damage the airways and lead to the pathological dilation that is the pathognomonic feature of bronchiectasis. The small airways demonstrate infiltration with lymphoid follicles that may contribute to localised small airway obstruction. Despite aggressive treatment, most patients will have persistent disease. Manipulating the immune response in bronchiectasis may potentially have therapeutic potential.

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