scholarly journals Regulierung des Glücksspiels in Deutschland: Das Glücksspielgesetz Schleswig-Holsteins und der Glücksspieländerungsstaatsvertrag aus ökonomischer Perspektive

2013 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Schmidt ◽  
Katharina Lima de Miranda
Keyword(s):  
Sports Betting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
German State ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Online Poker ◽  
The One

AbstractThis paper compares the two laws effective for the regulation of gambling in Germany from an economic perspective. On the one hand there is the new and relatively liberal federal Gaming Amendment Act of Schleswig- Holstein (GAA) and on the other hand the German State Treaty on Gambling (GST), which was signed by the remaining 15 German federal states. First, two goals are derived that should be pursued by the regulation of gambling realization of tax revenues and the reduction of problem gambling. Channeling gambling into the regulated market is a necessary condition to achieve both objectives. As the GAA can be expected to realize a higher degree of channeling due to more competitive tax rates as well as the inclusion of online poker and casinos, it appears to be overall superior to the GST. It is in particular incomprehensible that online poker and casinos are not included in the GST, since on one side they have a high potential for addiction and should thus be regulated and on the other side allow to generate higher tax revenues compared to sports betting for example.

Die Zweckentfremdung des kommunalen Kassenkredits – eine rechtlich-ökonomische Analyse

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Gröpl ◽  
Friedrich Heinemann ◽  
Alexander Kalb
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Economic Perspective ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Federal States ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Ökonomische Analyse ◽  
The One

AbstractThe volume of short-term liquidity credit (“Kassenkredit”) of the German municipalities has increased rapidly in the last two decades. This development suggests that this debt instrument has been diverted from its original purpose, namely as an instrument of bridging short-run liquidity shortfalls. In this paper we analyze the reasons for this development - from a legal and institutional perspective on the one hand, and from an economic perspective on the other hand. One key result of the analysis is that this development is partly due to the lacking intervention of municipal supervision institutions from the L¨ander (German Federal States). Obviously, the Länder tolerate the abuse of the Kassenkredit in order to avoid more open types of debt. In addition, we investigate how the introduction of the doubly-entry bookkeeping in the municipalities affects the (improper) use of short-term liquidity credits. Finally, we point to the potential of the municipal Kassenkredit as a loophole in the new German constitutional debt brake.

scholarly journals Declining regional disparities in mortality in the context of persisting large inequalities in economic conditions: the case of Germany

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 486-496
Author(s):  
Alyson A van Raalte ◽  
Sebastian Klüsener ◽  
Anna Oksuzyan ◽  
Pavel Grigoriev
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
State Level ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
German State ◽  
Federal States ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Regional Mortality ◽  
East West ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Abstract Background Subnational regional mortality inequalities are large and appear to be mostly increasing within industrialized countries, although comparative studies across high-income countries are scarce. Germany is an important country to examine because it continues to experience considerable economic disparities between its federal states, in part resulting from its former division. Methods We analyse state-level mortality in Germany utilizing data from a newly constructed regional database based on the methodology of the Human Mortality Database. We compare time trends (1991–2015) in the German state-level standard deviation in life expectancy to that of other large, wealthy countries and examine the association between mortality and economic inequalities at the regional level. Finally, using contour-decomposition methods, we investigate the degree to which age patterns of mortality are converging across German federal states. Results Regional inequalities in life expectancy in Germany are comparatively low internationally, particularly among women, despite high state-level inequalities in economic conditions. These low regional mortality inequalities emerged 5–10 years after reunification. Mortality is converging over most ages between the longest- and shortest-living German state populations and across the former East–West political border, with the exception of an emerging East–West divergence in mortality among working-aged men. Conclusions The German example shows that large regional economic inequalities are not necessarily paralleled with large regional mortality disparities. Future research should investigate the factors that fostered the emergence of this unusual pattern in Germany.

Leibniz on Apperception and Animal Souls

Dialogue ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murray Miles
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Mental Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
The One

InLeibniz: Perception, Apperception, and Thought, Robert McRae alleges a flat “contradiction” (McRae 1976, p. 30) at the heart of Leibniz's doctrine of three grades of monads: bare entelechies characterized by perception; animal souls capable both of perception and of sensation; and rational souls, minds or spirits endowed not only with capacities for perception and sensation but also with consciousness of self or what Leibniz calls (introducing a new term of art into the vocabulary of philosophy) “apperception.” Apperception is a necessary condition of those distinctively human mental processes associated with understanding and with reason. Insofar as it is also a sufficient condition of rationality, it is not ascribable to animals. But apperception is a necessary condition of sensation or feeling as well; and animals are capable of sensation, according to Leibniz, who decisively rejected the Cartesian doctrine that beasts are nothing but material automata. “On the one hand,” writes McRae, “what distinguishes animals from lower forms of life is sensation or feeling, but on the other hand apperception is a necessary condition of sensation, and apperception distinguishes human beings from animals” (McRae 1976, p. 30). “We are thus left with an unresolved inconsistency in Leibniz's account of sensation, so far as sensation is attributable both to men and animals” (ibid., p. 34).

scholarly journals Approximating Ideal Filters by Systems of Fractional Order

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming Li
Keyword(s):  
Fractional Calculus ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Present Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Ecg Signals ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg

The contributions in this paper are in two folds. On the one hand, we propose a general approach for approximating ideal filters based on fractional calculus from the point of view of systems of fractional order. On the other hand, we suggest that the Paley and Wiener criterion might not be a necessary condition for designing physically realizable ideal filters. As an application of the present approach, we show a case in designing ideal filters for suppressing 50-Hz interference in electrocardiogram (ECG) signals.

Radicals and the State

1988 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
GREGG O. KVISTAD
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
German State ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
The One ◽  
State Employee ◽  
Political Battle

This article argues that ideas of the state are crucial for understanding contemporary politics in so-called “state-societies” like West Germany. It argues that the recent protracted and divisive political battle over state employee personnel policy in the Federal Republic needs to be understood as a conflict involving the power of two nineteenthcentury ideas of the German state, on the one hand, and the general modernization of the West German state and transformation of West German elite and mass political culture, on the other.

scholarly journals Space, Place, Haven: Levinas’s Phenomenology of Home

Problemos ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
Jolanta Saldukaitytė
Keyword(s):  
Emmanuel Levinas ◽  
The Other ◽  
Space And Place ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Natural Place ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Positive Meaning ◽  
The One

By distinguishing between space and place, the article situates and analyses the meaning of the closest place – home – in the philosophy of Emmanuel Levinas. The effort to encounter transcendence, to escape, to leave, to not be attached a particular place, and not to be driven by a nostalgia to return, is dominant in Levinas’s philosophy. This article shows that dwelling in a place, as settling in a home, also has a positive meaning for Levinas. This positive meaning comes, however, not from an ontological but from an ethical relationship with a place. The home is shown as chosen place, warm and human, as opposed to a given or natural place. On the one hand, the home is a necessary condition for security, but also the very condition of interiority and activity, of having the place in the world in contrast to thrownness. On the other hand, it is not a place where I is embodied and rooted in like a vegetable, but a place where I welcome the other.

scholarly journals Corporate Digital Responsibility Challenges for Sports Betting Companies

2021 ◽  
pp. 202-211
Author(s):  
Peter Jones ◽  
Daphne Comfort
Keyword(s):  
Digital Technologies ◽  
Service Industries ◽  
Sports Betting ◽  
The Other ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Gambling Industry ◽  
Policy Paper ◽  
The One

The emergence and continuing development of digital technologies is disrupting and reshaping traditional business practices throughout the service industries, and the gambling industry is no exception. On the one hand, digital technologies have opened the door to a landscape of new sports betting opportunities. On the other, the introduction of digital technologies brings responsibility challenges for sports betting companies. This policy paper outlines the features of corporate digital responsibility, provides some simple illustrations of digital responsibility issues in sports betting, and offers reflections on how these responsibilities are being discharged.

Ideas and Implementation of an Internet-Based System of Qualification for Teachers in a Federally Structured Education System

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 46-64
Author(s):  
Michael Koch
Keyword(s):  
General Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Learning Objects ◽  
Training System ◽  
Structured Education ◽  
Federal States ◽  
German Federal States ◽  
Curricular Implementation ◽  
The One ◽  
Specific Project

Making an internet-based system of qualification available for teachers at general education schools within a federally organised education system poses a variety of challenges. Based on findings of pedagogical professional research, further and advanced teacher training needs to impart specialist scientific competencies and (simultaneously connected with these competencies) subject-didactic ones as well as providing support for curricular implementation on the one hand. On the other hand, there needs to be a broad portfolio of modules leading to specialist and didactic qualifications which can take heterogeneous curricular requirements into account. On the basis of pedagogical as well as systematic requirements, the article formulates the essential cornerstones of such a qualification-based online training system, using the example of the Economic (General) Education. Subsequent attention turns to a specific project with whose help more than 2500 teachers in eleven German federal states have gained qualifications since 2002. The focus is centred, in this regard, on the question of how the aforementioned objectives were pursued, aided by determining and developing numerous variant and invariant learning objects as well as linking them via a specific metadata system. This is followed by the presentation of further existing needs in research and development.

Conclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 297-304
Author(s):  
Guy Elgat
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Conception ◽  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The concluding chapter addresses an apparent aporia: on the one hand, we have the Nietzschean argument that one must be causa sui for guilt to be justified, but on the other hand, we have the Heideggerian argument that not being causa sui is a necessary condition for guilt to be possible. The conclusion explains why this is only an apparent aporia. An alternative conception of guilt is sketched, one that rejects Nietzsche’s view of guilt as a form of self-punishment but retains Heidegger’s view that guilt expresses our normative commitments. This conception shows how guilt might nevertheless be justified.

Skepticism, Belief, and the Criterion of Truth

Apeiron ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-344
Author(s):  
Whitney Schwab
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Epistemic Attitude ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pyrrhonian Skepticism ◽  
Central Argument ◽  
The One ◽  
Suspension Of Judgment

Abstract This paper deals with Pyrrhonian skepticism. It argues that the central argument presented by Jonathan Barnes in favor of the view that skepticism precludes the possession of any belief fails. In brief, Barnes maintains that, because skepticism requires suspending judgment whether criteria of truth exist, no skeptic can, consistently with her skepticism, possess a criterion of truth; this entails, he argues, that no skeptic can make any judgments about anything and, hence, cannot come to possess any beliefs. I evaluate this argument in two ways: first, if we understand criteria of truth along the lines proposed by Sextus’ Hellenistic opponents, the argument fails because such criteria were introduced to guarantee that at least some of our beliefs could count as knowledge, and not to guarantee the very possibility of making judgments in the first place. Second, if we broaden our conception of a criterion of truth, such that a criterion is any standard against which an impression can be evaluated, the argument fails because it equivocates on the notion of ‘possession’. On the one hand, in the sense in which someone must possess such a criterion in order to make judgments, the skeptic’s suspension of judgment concerning their existence does not entail that she does not possess a criterion of truth. On the other hand, in the sense in which the skeptic does not possess such a criterion, possession of a criterion of truth is not a necessary condition for making judgments. Thus, I conclude that the skeptics’ epistemic attitude towards the existence of criteria of truth (i.e. suspension of judgment) does not entail that skeptics cannot possess any beliefs.

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