Friedrich Althoffs Berufungspraxis in der evangelischen Theologie. Hermann Cremer und Adolf Harnack als Protagonisten des „Systems Althoff“

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-81
Author(s):  
Claudia Kampmann
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Political Climate

Abstract The article deals with the so-called „System Althoff“, that is the network of advisers Friedrich Althoff, ministerial director of the Prussian ministry of cultural affairs, created and employed in order to administer the faculties of theology at Prussian universities. In addition to leading the process of decision making in the ministry itself, he recruited a number of theology professors from the two dominant Church parties to advise him on appointing new professors. Famously, he consulted the opponents Hermann Cremer, a “positive” biblicistic Systematic professor in Greifswald, and Adolf Harnack, a Ritschlian Church Historian in Berlin, but he also counted theologians like Friedrich Loofs and Martin Kähler among his advisers. The article’s main body focusses on Althoff’s correspondence with Cremer and Harnack in order to analyse the minister’s practice of administration in depth. In a second step the paper will relate the minister’s relationship with his two most prominent theological advisers to the wider „System Althoff“ in theology. Both parts serve to show that Althoff rationalized and professionalized the process of decision making in the ministry of cultural affairs by carefully considering different professorial advises in light of the current (church) political climate.

How multidisciplinary are multidisciplinary case reviews in cancer care? Feasibility analysis of a theory-driven team decision-making fidelity framework

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayana Soukup ◽  
Ged Murtagh ◽  
Ben W Lamb ◽  
James Green ◽  
Nick Sevdalis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Care ◽  
Recent Decade ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Multidisciplinary Teams ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Implementation Framework ◽  
Feasibility Evaluation ◽  
The Uk

Background Multidisciplinary teams (MDTs) are a standard cancer care policy in many countries worldwide. Despite an increase in research in a recent decade on MDTs and their care planning meetings, the implementation of MDT-driven decision-making (fidelity) remains unstudied. We report a feasibility evaluation of a novel method for assessing cancer MDT decision-making fidelity. We used an observational protocol to assess (1) the degree to which MDTs adhere to the stages of group decision-making as per the ‘Orientation-Discussion-Decision-Implementation’ framework, and (2) the degree of multidisciplinarity underpinning individual case reviews in the meetings. MethodsThis is a prospective observational study. Breast, colorectal and gynaecological cancer MDTs in the Greater London and Derbyshire (United Kingdom) areas were video recorded over 12-weekly meetings encompassing 822 case reviews. Data were coded and analysed using frequency counts.Results Eight interaction formats during case reviews were identified. case reviews were not always multi-disciplinary: only 8% of overall reviews involved all five clinical disciplines present, and 38% included four of five. The majority of case reviews (i.e. 54%) took place between two (25%) or three (29%) disciplines only. Surgeons (83%) and oncologists (8%) most consistently engaged in all stages of decision-making. While all patients put forward for MDT review were actually reviewed, a small percentage of them (4%) either bypassed the orientation (case presentation) and went straight into discussing the patient, or they did not articulate the final decision to the entire team (8%). Conclusions Assessing fidelity of MDT decision-making at the point of their weekly meetings is feasible. We found that despite being a set policy, case reviews are not entirely MDT-driven. We discuss implications in relation to the current eco-political climate, and the quality and safety of care. Our findings are in line with the current national initiatives in the UK on streamlining MDT meetings, and could help decide how to re-organise them to be most efficient.

scholarly journals Protecting patients and staff in residential treatment centers during exposure to COVID-19: commentary

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly A. Johnson ◽  
Carolyn Keough ◽  
Holly Hills ◽  
Wouter Vermeer ◽  
Rebecca Lengnick-Hall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Addiction Treatment ◽  
Treatment Programs ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Guidance Documents ◽  
Facility Level

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has created a crisis in access to addiction treatment. Programs with residential components have been particularly impacted as they try to keep infection from spreading in facilities and contributing to further community spread of the virus. This crisis highlights the ongoing daily trade-offs that organizations must weigh as they balance the risks and benefits of individual patients with those of the group of patients, staff and the community they serve. Main body The COVID-19 pandemic has forced provider organizations to make individual facility level decisions about how to manage patients who are COVID-19 positive while protecting other patients, staff and the community. While guidance documents from federal, state, and trade groups aimed to support such decision making, they often lagged pandemic dynamics, and provided too little detail to translate into front line decision making. In the context of incomplete knowledge to make informed decisions, we present a way to integrate guidelines and local data into the decision process and discuss the ethical dilemmas faced by provider organizations in preventing infections and responding to COVID positive patients or staff. Conclusion and commentary Provider organizations need decision support on managing the risk of COVID-19 positive patients in their milieu. While useful, guidance documents may not be capable of providing support with the nuance that local data and simulation modeling may be able to provide.

The Bush Administration’s Decision to Surge in Iraq

The Last Card ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 328-343
Author(s):  
Richard H. Immerman
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
New Media ◽  
National Security ◽  
Vietnam War ◽  
Eisenhower Administration ◽  
Military Leadership ◽  
Sensitive Information ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Comprehensive Review

This chapter argues—using the Eisenhower administration as a model of peacetime national security decision making—that the surge decision-making process displayed by the oral histories was idiosyncratic, excessively compartmentalized, and profoundly flawed. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has fully adopted his model, and each has tailored procedures appropriate for his needs. The Bush process had to take into account his lack of expertise in military affairs, an increasingly polarized political climate, the legacy of the Vietnam War, the proliferation of leaks of sensitive information in the new media age, the resistance of the uniformed military leadership, and most important, Rumsfeld. Administration insiders argue that for these reasons Bush jettisoned fundamental tenets of Eisenhower's system in an effort to make a virtue out of necessity. Yet the evidence suggests that Eisenhower's best practices are just that—best practices. It further suggests that their rigorous application would have benefited Bush's process by expediting the instigation of a comprehensive review, co-opting opponents of a change in strategy, mitigating politicization, facilitating the exchange of information and advice, and accelerating implementation.

Motivational factors among international postgraduate students in Hong Kong and Taiwan

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-100
Author(s):  
Keenan Daniel Manning
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
International Student ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Academic Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Postgraduate Students ◽  
Mobile Students ◽  
Authority Figures ◽  
High Degree

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that influence internationally mobile students’ decision making regarding their choice to study in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach The existing literature on student motivation was examined, particularly factors relevant to the two key jurisdictions. Subsequently, a qualitative study was conducted to verify and expand upon these factors. Findings This study found a high degree of overlap between the two jurisdictions. However, Taiwan-based students emphasised elements such as the political climate, and the opinion of family, friends and peers, whereas academic quality and the perception of authority figures featured more for Hong Kong-based respondents. Practical implications The similarities and disparities between the two jurisdictions provide insights for decision makers, as well as avenues for further research. Originality/value This paper builds upon prior research into international student destination choice by exploring students’ decision-making process through qualitative research; thus, highlighting previously unexplored factors.

scholarly journals Study on Benefit Coordination of Supply Chain Network Based on Green Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (8) ◽  
pp. 1458
Author(s):  
Gao ◽  
Wang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Cost Sharing ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Supply Chain Network ◽  
Logistics Network ◽  
Coordination Model ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Green Index ◽  
The Cost

Based on Stackelberg's master–slave game theory and green index decision-making conditions, this paper studies the benefit coordination of a supply chain network composed of a business flow network and logistics network, discusses the decision-making behavior of the main body of the supply chain network under the performance of green contracts or speculative behavior, respectively, and further constructs the supply chain network collaborative benefit coordination model under the guidance of a manufacturer considering a green development index. The supply chain network interest coordination model analyzes the relationship between the dominant manufacturer behavior and the supply chain network green index and network profit. The results show that fulfilling green contracts helps improve the profitability and sustainability of supply chain networks. A counter-intuitive but interesting result is that the dominant manufacturers increase the cost-sharing ratio or penalties of the logistics network, which will reduce the profit level and green index of the logistics network, and increase the cost-sharing ratio or punishment of the suppliers. Strength will increase the profitability and green index of the logistics network. Finally, we validate the relevant conclusions of the model through numerical simulation analysis.

scholarly journals Continuous track paths reveal additive evidence integration in multistep decision making

2017 ◽  
Vol 114 (40) ◽  
pp. 10618-10623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Buc Calderon ◽  
Myrtille Dewulf ◽  
Wim Gevers ◽  
Tom Verguts
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Decision Dynamics ◽  
Probabilistic Evidence ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Initial Dip ◽  
Future Outcomes ◽  
Evidence Integration

Multistep decision making pervades daily life, but its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We distinguish four prominent models of multistep decision making, namely serial stage, hierarchical evidence integration, hierarchical leaky competing accumulation (HLCA), and probabilistic evidence integration (PEI). To empirically disentangle these models, we design a two-step reward-based decision paradigm and implement it in a reaching task experiment. In a first step, participants choose between two potential upcoming choices, each associated with two rewards. In a second step, participants choose between the two rewards selected in the first step. Strikingly, as predicted by the HLCA and PEI models, the first-step decision dynamics were initially biased toward the choice representing the highest sum/mean before being redirected toward the choice representing the maximal reward (i.e., initial dip). Only HLCA and PEI predicted this initial dip, suggesting that first-step decision dynamics depend on additive integration of competing second-step choices. Our data suggest that potential future outcomes are progressively unraveled during multistep decision making.

scholarly journals Intelligent credit scoring system using knowledge management

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Bazzi Mehdi ◽  
Chamlal Hasna ◽  
El Kharroubi Ahmed ◽  
Ouaderhman Tayeb
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Credit Scoring ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Decision Making System ◽  
The Government ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Arab Spring ◽  
Credit Granting ◽  
Young Entrepreneurs

Promoting entrepreneurship in Morocco among young people has been a challenge for some years of economic and social problems, especially after the events of the Arab Spring. Several programs have been set up by the government for young entrepreneurs. Thus, faced with the large number of credit applications solicited by these young entrepreneurs, banks are obliged to resort to artificial intelligence techniques. For this purpose, the aim of this article is to propose a decision-making system enabling the bank to automate its credit granting process. It is a tool that allows the bank, in the first instance, to select promising projects through a scoring approach adapted to this segment of young entrepreneurs. In a second step, the tool allows the setting of the maximum credit amount to be allocated to the selected project. Finally, based on the knowledge of the bank's experts, the tool proposes a breakdown of the amount granted by the bank into several products adapted to the needs of the entrepreneur.

scholarly journals Claims of Representation: Between Representation and Democractic Innovations

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Guasti ◽  
Brigitte Geissel
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Constructivist Theory ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Participatory Budgeting ◽  
Democratic Representation ◽  
Institutional Contexts

This article seeks to build a bridge between the empirical scholarship rooted in the traditional theory of political representation and constructivist theory on representation by focusing on the authorization of claims. It seeks to answer how claims can be authorized beyond elections - selecting three democratic innovations and tracing claims through the claim-making process. Different participatory democratic innovations are selected - providing various claims and taking place in different institutional contexts, i.e., (elected) members of the Council of Foreigners Frankfurt; individual citizens in participatory budgeting procedures in Münster; and citizen’s associations elected politicians in the referendum campaign in Hamburg. We first analyze the claims raised by the different claim-makers to identify their claimed constituency eligible to authorize claims. In the second step, we focus on the authorization by the claimed constituency and the relevant decision-making authority. The article finds that claim-making in democratic innovations is fractured and incomplete. Nevertheless, this is not the reason to dismiss democratic innovations as possible loci of representation; on the contrary, seen through the prism of claim-making, all representation – electoral and nonelectoral – is partial. Focusing on the authorization of claims in democratic innovations provides novel inferences about the potential and limits of democratic innovations for broadening democratic representation

scholarly journals Post-Normal Science: Passing the Scylla of Uncertainty and the Charybdis of the Politicization of Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol V (4) ◽  
pp. 15-33
Author(s):  
Vladimir Porus ◽  
Valentin Bazhanov
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
The Political ◽  
Normal Science ◽  
Political Subjectivity ◽  
Political Climate ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The goal of the article to assess and comprehend the legitimacy, advantages, and disadvantages of the idea of “post-normal” and “citizen science”, the problem of treating science as a political actor, as well as the potential “democratization” of contemporary science. The nature and epistemological status of “post-normal” and “citizen” science, their place, and potential role in political decision-making in situations of significant uncertainty of the future (which is especially characteristic of ecology) discussed. We are prone to emphasize the importance of the traditional criteria of rationality, dominant among scientists working under the milieu of the norms and principles of “normal” science. Despite the transdisciplinary nature of the problems and the format of decision-making that are at the core of post-normal science. Nevertheless, the political subjectivity of modern science far from being full-fledged. Science does not participate in politics in an independent actor acting on the same plane and on a par with other political actors (parties or other political structures). The acquisition by the science of the status of a political subject or the loss of such largely depends on the nature of the political climate of the society. Political subjectivity is an imitative political atmosphere that cannot be the immediate goal and value of science. Aspiration for political subjectivity as a norm for post-normal science implies a radical change in its “self-consciousness”, socio-cultural status, and thus, increasing its political weight. However, this aspiration has any reasonable theoretical and practical sense only as an integral part of the movement towards true civil society and democracy.

scholarly journals Martial Arts Competitive Decision-Making Algorithm Based on Improved BP Neural Network

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Huipeng Lv
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Bp Neural Network ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Gradient Descent ◽  
Step Length ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Neural Network Technology

The main body of modern Chinese martial arts competition is the strategy, and fighting has just started in sports competitions. Strategy and action correspond to each other and practice as a set. Therefore, constructing the Chinese martial arts competition decision-making algorithm and perfecting the martial arts competition are intuitive and essential. The formulation of martial arts competition strategies requires scientific analysis of athletic data and more accurate predictions. Based on this observation, this paper combines the popular neural network technology to propose a novel additional momentum-elastic gradient descent. The BP neural network adapts to the learning rate. The algorithm is improved for the traditional BP neural network, such as selecting learning step length, the difficulty of determining the size, and direction of the weight, and the learning rate is not easy to control. The experimental results show that this paper’s algorithm has improved both network scale and running time and can predict martial arts competition routines and formulate scientific strategies.

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