Auxiliar-Konstruktionen im llatí medieval katalanischer Urkunden (10.–13. Jh.) und in den Usatici Barchinonae / Usatges de Barcelona (12.–15. Jh.)

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-534
Author(s):  
Reinhard Meyer-Hermann
Keyword(s):  
Argument Structure ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Central Object ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Constituent Order

Abstract The central object of the present research is the constituent order of head and modifier in auxiliary constructions, namely infinitive + finite auxiliary vs. finite auxiliary + infinitive and participle + finite auxiliary vs. finite auxiliary + participle. The texts under investigation are the llati medieval of Catalan diplomas of the 10th to 13th century, the Usatici Barchinonae of the 12th century and the Usatges de Barcelona of the 13th and 15th century. The issue is whether and to what extent the syntax of the documents edited in the llatí medieval and the Usatici Barchinonae shows features of the developing Catalan syntax, in which the order head + modifier, i.e. finite auxiliary + infinitive and finite auxiliary + participle, becomes the preferred argument structure.

scholarly journals Posvetni latinski natpisi na crkvi sv. Ivana od Birnja

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vedrana Delonga
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
John The Baptist ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Cultural Entity ◽  
The Church

Within the archaeological-historical complex at the hillfort of Biranj (Kaštel Lukšić), the ancient church of St. John the Baptist stands out in particular as a cultural entity. Three architectural phases (Romanesque, Late Gothic, and Modern period) can be perceived in its present appearance. The façade of the church bears a group of late medieval inscriptions in Latin: a donative inscription on the lintel, dated 1444 and also by the reign of the Venetian Doge Francesco Foscari (today placed in the interior of the church), as well as four consecratory inscriptions from the same time on the corners of the church. They were placed by donors (church juspatronatus) on the structure of the church on the occasion of the dedication of the thoroughly renovated original church of St. John, which had been built in the Romanesque period, at the end of the 12th or in the early 13th century, as the endowment of the Ostrog free villagers. From the donative inscription on the lintel it is learned that the ruinous Romanesque church was renovated from the foundations up by the juspatronus and plebanus Grgur Nikolin, the archpresbyter and canon of the Trogir diocese, in the name of a personal vow and the vows of all the juspatroni of St. John of Biranj. The four consecratory inscriptions with the text + Christus venit in pace et Deus homo factus est on the corners of the Late Gothic church from the same period are particularly interesting. On the basis of the contents it is hypothesized that they represent some kind of reminiscence of the possible original epigraphic dedications from the period of the construction of the Romanesque church at the end of the 12th century or in the early decades of the 13th century. The inscriptions and the sacred structure to which they belong are considered in the framework of the site as a cultural-historical complex and multi-century religious shrine and are analyzed in terms of the formal and contextual epigraphic traits. Their context is explored in the framework of the historical and religious-spiritual conditions related to the specific area in the period of the developed (12th and 13th centuries) and late Middle Ages (middle of the 15th century).

scholarly journals Who Could ‘the Godless Ishmaelites from the Yathrib Desert’ Be to the Author of the Novgorod First Chronicle? The "Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius" in Medieval South and East Slavic Literatures

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 369-389
Author(s):  
Zofia Aleksandra Brzozowska
Keyword(s):  
Original Version ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Greek Translation ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Primary Chronicle

The work of Pseudo-Methodius, whose creation (in the original Syrian version) dates back to ca. 690, enjoyed considerable popularity in Medieval Slavic literatures. It was translated into Church Slavic thrice. In all likelihood, these translations arose independently of each other in Bulgaria, based on the Greek translation, the so-called ‘first Byzantine redaction’ (from the beginning of the 8th century). From Bulgaria, the Slavic version of the Apocalypse of Pseudo-Methodius spread to other Slavic lands – Serbia and Rus’. In the latter, the work of Pseudo-Methodius must have been known already at the beginning of the 12th century, given that quotations from it appear in the Russian Primary Chronicle (from the second decade of the 12th century). In the 15th century, an original, expanded with inserts taken from other works, Slavic version also came into being, known as the ‘interpolated redaction’. All of the Slavic translations display clear marks of the events that preceded them and the circumstances of the period in which they arose. Above all, the Saracens – present in the original version of the prophecy – were replaced by other nations: in the Novgorod First Chronicle we find the Mongols/Tatars (who conquered Rus’ in the first half of the 13th century).

scholarly journals Churches Built in the Caves of Lasta (Wällo Province, Ethiopia): A Chronology

Aethiopica ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 25-64
Author(s):  
Michael Gervers
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Church Architecture ◽  
Full Width ◽  
East Side ◽  
The South ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Church

The five churches of Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos, Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm, Ǝmäkina Lǝdätä Maryam, Walye Iyäsus and Žämmädu Maryam are all built in caves in the massif of Abunä Yosef, situated in the Lasta region of Wollo. Changes in their architectural forms suggest that they were constructed over a period of several hundred years in the order listed and as such represent a significant chronological model against which many of Ethiopia’s rock-hewn churches may be compared. Until the publication of this paper, it has been universally accepted that the church of Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos was built in the second half of the 12th century under the sponsorship of an eponymous king. Aspects of the church’s architecture, namely the absence of a raised space reserved for the priesthood before the triumphal arch (the bema), of any sign of a chancel barrier around it, of western service rooms, of a vestibule and narthex, and of the presence of a reading platform (representative of the Coptic ambo), of a full-width open western bay (allowing for a ‘return aisle’), and of arches carrying the aisle ceilings, all point to a date of construction around the mid-13th century. In fact, the closest parallels to Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos may be found in Lalibäla’s second group of monolithic churches, Amanuʾel and Libanos. Closely associated also is the church of Gännätä Maryam. A painting of the Maiestas Domini in the south-east side room (pastophorion) of the latter suggests that the room served as an extension of the sanctuary. By the end of the 13th century, as witnessed by Ǝmäkina Mädḫane ʿAläm and the other churches built in caves, the full-width sanctuary becomes a characteristic which endures throughout 14th- and 15th -century Ethiopian church architecture. Yǝmrǝḥannä Krǝstos and Gännätä Maryam stand on the cusp of a major liturgical change which coincides with the transfer of royal power from the Zagwe dynasty to their Solomonic successors, who sought legitimacy by following Coptic practices.

Medieval London

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Public Works ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Popular Entertainment ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Craft Guilds ◽  
The City

There is no beginning or end date for medieval London. Long-term changes transformed the post-Roman city into a 16th-century metropolis. Crown and church worked with city institutions to manage the outcome, but economic, social, geographic, and demographic factors beyond their control were the determinants of London’s evolution. Medieval London owed much to a well-chosen Roman site with double-facing connectivity, providing access to mainland Europe by sea and to the interior by river. London was the lynchpin. The Roman settlement had a defensive fort and walls, an amphitheater—recently rediscovered underneath the medieval Guildhall–and an impressive road network converging on the city. This defensible hub, combining economic prosperity with popular entertainment, was the basis for London’s perennial appeal to English and alien migrants. It quite literally provided the foundation for medieval London. The early extramural Anglo-Saxon settlement relocated behind the walls as an Alfredian burh, expanding trade with nearby parts of the Continent. The Norman construction of the Tower, overshadowing the eastern aspect, demonstrated that control of London was essential to government of the realm. An economic driving force, the city was not the administrative capital until the 12th century. London generated trade revenues and ensured urban stability, in return for which the Crown granted self-government and privileges for its merchants and markets. The city’s own records survive from the later 13th century, although its institutions have earlier origins. Regarding itself as the New Troy, it engaged in public works and staged triumphant royal entries. London’s bread-basket extended to the Norfolk coast and the upper Thames valley. Apart from frank discussions at the wardmote, there were further opportunities for ordinary Londoners to express their views and participate. The craft guilds regulated the city’s trades and their members, developing separate livery and yeomanry organization. Parish fraternities were a neighborhood outlet for literate lay spirituality and accounting skills. The population, significantly reduced by the Black Death, recovered and prospered. London was above all a cosmopolitan city with thriving markets and accessible credit. Although there were recurrent demands for protection against alien competition, aliens joined the livery companies, became citizens of London and some became Englishmen. The royal Court, Parliament, and law courts a short ride away at Westminster guaranteed good business for city merchants. Most importantly, the lucrative 14th-century wool trade and 15th-century cloth trade were increasingly concentrated in the hands of Londoners who dominated English exports.

Did French Architects, Builders, Stonemasons, and Sculptors Operate in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Second Half of the 12th Century and in the 13th Century?

Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Michalina Duda ◽  
Sławomir Jóźwiak ◽  
Marcin Wiewióra
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Art History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Research History ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Villard De Honnecourt

Abstract Thanks to the wide use of the fruits of interdisciplinary research (history, archaeology, and art history) and a thorough analysis of written and architectural sources, it can be clearly demonstrated that, from at least as early as the end of the 12th century, architects, builders, stonemasons and probably also sculptors from what is now northern and eastern France were operating in the Kingdom of Hungary (though it is not known to what extent). It is impossible not to see a correlation between their activity and the very early appearance of the Gothic style in the territory of what was then Hungary. The architect–builder–designer–sketcher Villard de Honnecourt of Picardy, northern France, and his stay on the shores of the Danube are of particular interest. He was there most probably in the 1220s, but it is unfortunately difficult to say for certain which of the edifices he worked on considering those that were erected at the time in the Kingdom of Hungary.

scholarly journals Archaeological excavations in St Giles' Cathedral Edinburgh, 1981-93

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Collard ◽  
John Lawson ◽  
Nicholas Holmes ◽  
Derek Hall ◽  
George Haggarty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Church ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
The South ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
East End ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The Church

The report describes the results of excavations in 1981, ahead of development within the South Choir Aisle of St Giles' Cathedral, and subsequent archaeological investigations within the kirk in the 1980s and 1990s. Three main phases of activity from the 12th to the mid-16th centuries were identified, with only limited evidence for the post-Reformation period. Fragmentary evidence of earlier structural remains was recorded below extensive landscaping of the natural steep slope, in the form of a substantial clay platform constructed for the 12th-century church. The remains of a substantial ditch in the upper surface of this platform are identified as the boundary ditch of the early ecclesiastical enclosure. A total of 113 in situ burials were excavated; the earliest of these formed part of the external graveyard around the early church. In the late 14th century the church was extended to the south and east over this graveyard, and further burials and structural evidence relating to the development of the kirk until the 16th century were excavated, including evidence for substantive reconstruction of the east end of the church in the mid-15th century. Evidence for medieval slat-bottomed coffins of pine and spruce was recovered, and two iron objects, which may be ferrules from pilgrims' staffs or batons, were found in 13th/14th-century burials.

scholarly journals A Seer Evaluation on Pravala Garbha Pottali with its Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roopini T. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Method ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Mode Of Transport

Pottali kalpanas are the distinctive preparations among Rasayogas, used to treat various disease conditions. It stands in the highest place among the Murchita Parada yogas because of its bonding nature as well as its efficacy. These preparations are famous for its unique method of preparation, quick administration and easy mode of transport. Usage of Pottali kalpas dates back 12th century A.D and about 87 different Pottali preparations are available in Rasagranthas. Putapaka, Gandhaka dravapaka, Kaparda/Shankha purana and Bhavana are the different methods of Pottali kalpana preparations. Gandhakadrava paka is the special method came into existence in 13th century for Soushthava sampadna (to allure patients by its colour). Garbha Pottalis come under Gandhaka Drava paka method where dhatu paka is done in garbha (midst) of Gandhaka Drava. Pravala garbha Pottali is one such rare formulation from Pottali rahasya of Rasayogasagara, which contains Sudhavarga dravyas along with Parada. Here, this study was taken to know the importance of Gandhakadrava paka and Paka parinama with respect to Pravalagarbha Pottali and studied pharmaceutically and analytically (XRD).

scholarly journals A latinizálás és hiánya a pécsváradi apátság alapítólevelében

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Melinda Szőke
Keyword(s):  
Chronological Order ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Main Road ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Linguistic History ◽  
Insight Into

The founding charter of Pécsvárad Abbey (+1015/+1158 [about 1220]/1323/1403/PR.) is a document that has only survived in a 15th-century copy of a 13th-century forgery. Thus, an analysis of toponym history and linguistic history must deal with several chronological planes when studying the document. The first section of this study examines Hungarian words (Duna ‘Danube’; the names of trees: e.g. tulfa ‘oak’, scylfa ‘elm’; geographic common nouns: e.g. aruc ‘ditch’, nogwt ‘main road’) that are used only in Latin in other documents or are characterised by mixed usages of Latin and Hungarian terms. These indicate a lack of Latinisation. The second section details the characteristics of five Latin name forms used in the document (Scena abbatis, Sirmia, Strigoniensis, Colocensis, Montis Ferrei), emphasising their chronological order. The small number of Latin names among all designations in the charter and the use of vulgar elements instead of Latin is presented as an imprint of 11th-century charter writing (from the time of Saint Stephen). Thus, the charter can provide significant insight into the beginnings of charter writing in Hungary.

Navarātra: The Festival of the Nine Nights

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bihani Sarkar
Keyword(s):  
Eastern India ◽  
Indian Culture ◽  
The West ◽  
Modus Operandi ◽  
Royal Power ◽  
Central Object ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Secular Power

Fundamental in making the myth of civilization meaningful in Indian culture was the performance of the Navarātra, the festival of the Nine Nights, which was intertwined with Durgā's cult. This final chapter deals with how the cult functioned in creating the spectacle of ‘public religion’ through a reconstruction of this ritual in which the goddess was worshipped by a ruler in the month of Āśvina. A detailed exposition of the modus operandi of the Nine Nights shows us how the religion of the goddess was spectacularly brought to life in an event of grand theatre and solemnized before its participants, the king and the entire community. The development of the Nine Nights from a fringe, Vaiṣṇava ceremony in the month of Kṛṣṇa's birth under the Guptas, to a ritual supplanting the established autumnal Brahmanical ceremonies of kingship and finally into a crucial rite in Indian culture for consolidating royal power, formed a crucial motivation for the expansion of Durgā's cult. The chapter isolates and analyzes in depth the principal early traditions of the Navarātra in East India and in the Deccan by an assessment of the available ritual descriptions and prescriptions in Sanskrit and eye-witness sources from a later period, used to fill in the gaps in the earlier sources. The most elaborate description of a court-sponsored rite emerges from the Kārṇāṭa and Oinwar courts of Mithilā, which embody what appears to be a ritual that had matured a good few centuries earlier before it was recorded in official literature. Among these the account of the Oinwars by the Maithila paṇḍita Vidyāpati is the most extensive treatment of the goddess's autumnal worship by a king, and attained great renown among the learned at the time as an authoritative source. His description portrays a spectacular court ceremony, involving pomp and pageantry, in which horses and weapons were worshipped, the king was anointed, and the goddess propitiated as the central symbol of royal power in various substrates over the course of the Nine Nights. Vidyapati's work also reveals the marked impact of Tantricism on the character of the rite, which employed Śākta mantras and propitiated autonomous, ferocious forms of the goddess associated with the occult, particularly on the penultimate days. Maturing in eastern India, the goddess's Navarātra ceremony was proselytized by the smartas further to the west and percolated into the Deccan, where, from around the 12th century, it attained an independent southern character. Whereas the eastern rite focused on the goddess as the central object of devotion, the southern rite focused on the symbolism of the king, attaining its most distinctive and lavish manifestation in the kingdom of Vijayanagara. Throughout this development, the Navarātra remained intimately associated with the theme of dispelling calamities, thereby augmenting secular power in the world, sustaining the power of the ruler and granting political might and health to a community. It remained from its ancient core a ritual of dealing with and averting crises performed collectively by a polis. Such remains its character even today.

DATING OF REMAINS OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH SANTA MARIA DI CAMPOGROSSO IN SICILY IN THE LIGHT OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marek Krąpiec ◽  
Sławomir Moździoch ◽  
Ewa Moździoch
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Multidisciplinary Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
The Church ◽  
Bone Remains

ABSTRACT Excavations of the remains of the medieval church of Santa Maria di Campogrosso (Sicily) were conducted by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences as part of scientific cooperation with Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali di Palermo. Based on the records of post-medieval historians, the construction of the church was placed in the second half of the 11th century, which contradicts the findings of architectural historians, who dated the building to the 13th-century and even later. As a result of archaeological excavations carried out in 2015–2018, it was possible to locate unknown fragments of the church’s structure and the remains of the cemetery adjacent to it. The 14C dating carried out for samples obtained from the walls of the existing building as well as from bone remains from the churchyard in combination with stratigraphic information from archaeological trenches and the chronology of coins indicates a high probability of the church construction in the second half of the 12th century and confirms the end of the monastery complex existence at the end of the 13th century.

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