scholarly journals A Seer Evaluation on Pravala Garbha Pottali with its Characterization

2021 ◽  
Vol 01 (08) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roopini T. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Method ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Unique Method ◽  
Mode Of Transport

Pottali kalpanas are the distinctive preparations among Rasayogas, used to treat various disease conditions. It stands in the highest place among the Murchita Parada yogas because of its bonding nature as well as its efficacy. These preparations are famous for its unique method of preparation, quick administration and easy mode of transport. Usage of Pottali kalpas dates back 12th century A.D and about 87 different Pottali preparations are available in Rasagranthas. Putapaka, Gandhaka dravapaka, Kaparda/Shankha purana and Bhavana are the different methods of Pottali kalpana preparations. Gandhakadrava paka is the special method came into existence in 13th century for Soushthava sampadna (to allure patients by its colour). Garbha Pottalis come under Gandhaka Drava paka method where dhatu paka is done in garbha (midst) of Gandhaka Drava. Pravala garbha Pottali is one such rare formulation from Pottali rahasya of Rasayogasagara, which contains Sudhavarga dravyas along with Parada. Here, this study was taken to know the importance of Gandhakadrava paka and Paka parinama with respect to Pravalagarbha Pottali and studied pharmaceutically and analytically (XRD).

Did French Architects, Builders, Stonemasons, and Sculptors Operate in the Hungarian Kingdom in the Second Half of the 12th Century and in the 13th Century?

Mediaevistik ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-132
Author(s):  
Michalina Duda ◽  
Sławomir Jóźwiak ◽  
Marcin Wiewióra
Keyword(s):  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Art History ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
Research History ◽  
Northern France ◽  
Early Appearance ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Villard De Honnecourt

Abstract Thanks to the wide use of the fruits of interdisciplinary research (history, archaeology, and art history) and a thorough analysis of written and architectural sources, it can be clearly demonstrated that, from at least as early as the end of the 12th century, architects, builders, stonemasons and probably also sculptors from what is now northern and eastern France were operating in the Kingdom of Hungary (though it is not known to what extent). It is impossible not to see a correlation between their activity and the very early appearance of the Gothic style in the territory of what was then Hungary. The architect–builder–designer–sketcher Villard de Honnecourt of Picardy, northern France, and his stay on the shores of the Danube are of particular interest. He was there most probably in the 1220s, but it is unfortunately difficult to say for certain which of the edifices he worked on considering those that were erected at the time in the Kingdom of Hungary.

DATING OF REMAINS OF THE MEDIEVAL CHURCH SANTA MARIA DI CAMPOGROSSO IN SICILY IN THE LIGHT OF MULTIDISCIPLINARY STUDIES

Radiocarbon ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Marek Krąpiec ◽  
Sławomir Moździoch ◽  
Ewa Moździoch
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Scientific Cooperation ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Medieval Church ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Multidisciplinary Studies ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Santa Maria ◽  
The Church ◽  
Bone Remains

ABSTRACT Excavations of the remains of the medieval church of Santa Maria di Campogrosso (Sicily) were conducted by the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology of the Polish Academy of Sciences as part of scientific cooperation with Soprintendenza per i Beni Culturali ed Ambientali di Palermo. Based on the records of post-medieval historians, the construction of the church was placed in the second half of the 11th century, which contradicts the findings of architectural historians, who dated the building to the 13th-century and even later. As a result of archaeological excavations carried out in 2015–2018, it was possible to locate unknown fragments of the church’s structure and the remains of the cemetery adjacent to it. The 14C dating carried out for samples obtained from the walls of the existing building as well as from bone remains from the churchyard in combination with stratigraphic information from archaeological trenches and the chronology of coins indicates a high probability of the church construction in the second half of the 12th century and confirms the end of the monastery complex existence at the end of the 13th century.

Pandharpur and Vitthal

Hinduism ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Reenberg Sand
Keyword(s):  
The South ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Real ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Actual Person ◽  
Chief Minister ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Local Tradition ◽  
The Town

Pandharpur, with its main deity, Viṭṭhala (hereafter Vitthal), alias Viṭhobā or Pāṇḍuraṅga, is the most popular pilgrimage site in Maharashtra. Every year it is visited by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims, first of all in connection with the Āṣāḍha and Kārttika festivals of the Vārakarī (hereafter Varkari) Sampradāya. Vitthal is a manifestation of Viṣṇu in his Krishna incarnation (avatāra). According to local tradition Vitthal arrived in Pandharpur attracted by the filial devotion of the seer Puṇḍalīka, or, according to another, later tradition, while looking for his wife Rukmiṇī. Since then he has established himself there for the favor of his devotees while Puṇḍalīka is considered to be the founder of the devotional cult known as Varkaris. The real explanation of Vitthal’s arrival in Pandharpur is another matter. Although many scholars have taken the myth about Puṇḍalīka to reflect a story about an actual person credited with bringing the worship of Vitthal to Pandharpur, some modern scholars believe that the myth is inspired by Purāṇic traditions legitimizing the establishment of Śaiva liṅgas. In fact, the idol of the Puṇḍalīka samādhi, one of the oldest temples in Pandharpur, contains a Śiva-liṅga. This, taken together with the fact that some of the oldest temples in the town are devoted to Śiva, suggests that Pandharpur was originally a Śaiva place that was later Vaiṣṇavized with the introduction of Vitthal, who may have been of pastoral origin and come from Karnataka to the south. When exactly this Vaiṣṇavization took place is not sure but it seems to have more or less coincided with the earliest historical inscription mentioning Pandharpur and Vitthal dating from the end of the 12th century when a temple of Vitthal was founded. At the end of the 13th century the cult was attracting support from the northern Marathi-speaking area when it was probably visited by the Yadava king Rāmacandra and his chief minister Hemādri as well as by Jñāneśvara, the “founder” of the Varkari Sampradāya. Literary sources for the study of Pandharpur either belong to the devotional Varkari tradition and are in the vernacular Marathi or they belong to the local Brahmanic tradition in the form of Sanskrit māhātmyas. Since the latter have either been unedited or are difficult to access, a characteristic of the research on Pandharpur until the 1980s is that it has mainly been based on literature in the Marathi language.

Climatic changes during the past two millennia along the Ancient Silk Road

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 605-623
Author(s):  
Zhixin Hao ◽  
Jingyun Zheng ◽  
Yingzhuo Yu ◽  
Danyang Xiong ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Ice Age ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
North Central ◽  
Social Events ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ancient Silk Road

The Ancient Silk Road has a history of more than 2000 years and gave birth to the diversities of culture between East and West. Climate change may have played a crucial role in this process and in the flourishing and decline of civilizations. In this work, high-resolution temperature reconstructions covering more than 1000 years along the Ancient Silk Road are reviewed, and the main characteristics of temperature and hydroclimatic changes are summarized. Four warm stages occurred that included the 1st–3rd centuries, the late 7th century to the early 11th century, the mid-12th century to the mid-13th century, and since the 20th century, and three cold stages, including the 4th century to the early 7th century, the middle of the 11th century to the early 12th century, and the end of the 13th century to the mid-19th century, occurred. Within these various stages, regional differences existed in amplitudes and starting–ending years of the cold/warm phases. Wetness and dryness variabilities during the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) were greater than during the Little Ice Age in Northwestern China. The climate was dry during the MCA in Central Asia, South Scandinavia, and North-central Europe. In addition, the climate backgrounds of several famous kingdoms flowering and social events that flourished during these times, such as the Roman Empire, the Loulan Kingdom, the Tibetan Kingdom, and the three unprecedented Mongol westward conquests, are discussed.

Georgia and the Anatolian Turks in the 12th and 13th centuries

2006 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 127-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C.S. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Significant Part ◽  
The Political ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Military Relations ◽  
The Web

AbstractThis article presents a study of the political and military relations of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Muslims of Anatolia from the 12th century AD up to the Mongol conquest of the region in the mid 13th century. Georgia's expansion during the 12th century and the web of marriage alliance that the Muslim rulers of Anatolia wove to protect themselves drew her into conflict even with distant principalities with which she shared no border, such as the Artukids of Mardin. Meanwhile, Erzurum appears to have been obliged to acknowledge Georgian suzerainty for much of the 12th and early 13th centuries. In the 13th century, however, the Mongol threat forced the Seljuks of Rüm and Georgia to form an alliance, and Georgians came to form a significant part of the Seljuk army. This alliance was sealed with a marriage between the Seljuk sultan and a member of the Georgian ruling house, the Bagratids, and the Seljuks appear to have derived prestige from their association with the Bagratid dynasty.

Speculations about the Potestas Litterarum in medieval grammar (11th through 13th centuries)

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estrella Pérez Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Speech Sounds ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Way

Summary The aim of this paper is to study the concept of potestas, one of the three ‘accidents’ of ‘letters’ in the Roman tradition. More specifically, it intends to examine the way in which the speculative grammarians from the 11th to the 13th centuries dealt with speech sounds and which issues were attached to it. The commentators of the beginning of this period mapped out the route to be followed in the attempt at a thorough explanation and systematization of Prisician’s adumbrations. To that purpose, they forged the successful term modus pronunciandi and classified the potestas into five types. This chapter was granted as much discussion as any other: some concepts and terminology of the Aristotelian universe were employed in it (e.g., the opposition substantial/accidental, potentiality/act). Nevertheless, some remarkable differences between the points of view of the 12th-century grammarians and those of the 13th-century have been observed, among them the interest on the part of the latter in the generation of sound. In this century, two works, the anonymous Tractatus de grammatica and John Dacus’s modistic Summa, held for different reasons a very particular position in the evolution of the doctrine on the potestas. In this respect, the influence of the former on the latter has been noticed. With their speculations all these medieval grammarians succeded in differentiating two levels within the realm of speech sounds.

scholarly journals Russian Domestic Trade: Applying the Gravity Mode for Rail Cargo Flows

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 60-89
Keyword(s):  
Gravity Model ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Special Method ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Institutional Factor ◽  
Domestic Trade ◽  
Mode Of Transport ◽  
Correct Estimation ◽  
The Impact

This article uses the gravity model to explain the trade flows between the regions of Russia. The data used contains information on all rail freight flows in tonnes for the period 2012–2016. The authors discuss the assumptions that make the gravity model applicable for trade by one mode of transport. For the purpose of correct estimation of the gravity equation, the special method of obtaining trade values in rubles was developed. The coefficients of distance and gross regional products are close to the results of previous studies on international and domestic trade. Along with the distance factor, the average rail tariff variable was included in the model. The significance of the coefficients of both variables has confirmed that trade flows are determined not only by transport costs, but by other trade costs, too. The results suggest that the export volume of the sending region proportional to its output is positively related to the volume of bilateral domestic trade flows. Accounting for regional fixed effects has not changed the coefficients of distance and average tariffs significantly, indicating the robustness of the estimates. No proof has been found for the impact of infrastructure on trade. An institutional factor that can negatively affect the trade volume is the level of corruption in the recipient region.

scholarly journals ANTHROPOMORPHIC REPRESENTATIONS ON MEDIEVAL RINGS IN SERBIA

2016 ◽  
pp. 45-57
Author(s):  
VESNA MANOJLOVIĆ NIKOLIĆ
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Research ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
Time Space ◽  
12Th Century

Jewellery represents a very indicative and chronologically sensitive type of archaeological material, expressing the fashion and style of a certain period, and certain examples have characteristics related to specific cultures and indicating ethnic affiliation of persons wearing it. Medieval rings, just like jewellery in general, represented an integral part of the traditional garb as well as a decorative piece that an individual carried in life and was often buried with it too. Their unchanging shape makes them the most conservative piece of jewellery, which has retained the same form until the present time. What varied through time/space were materials the rings were made of, the quality of production, the choice of motives and also the appearance of the hoop and the shape of the head of the ring.This paper offers an analysis of medieval rings with anthropomorphic representations. According to the number of figures represented on the head of the ring, two groups are distinguished: rings with one or with two human figures. With respect to the elements represented alongside the figure defining it more precisely, the first group includes rings with warriors and holy warriors. With respect to the variations in compositions with two figures, we can distinguish four groups of rings: the ones with a cross between human figures; the ones with hands raised in the act of benediction; the ones with a halo; the ones without a halo around the figures’ heads.The rings are dated back to the 12th century and the first decades of the 13th century. According to results of archaeological research, they are mostly found on necropoles in Eastern Serbia. Similar to the most of the rings from this period, they belong to the Byzantine cultural circle, i.e. they imitate Byzantine models, and certain examples can be linked to the strengthening of Christianity among the Slav populations of the Balkans. 

scholarly journals Old Slavic Sermon Language: The Extraordinary Nature of Verb Morphology in Cyril Turovskij’s Homilies

Slovene ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oleg F. Zholobov
Keyword(s):  
13Th Century ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Verb Morphology ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
Special Character ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Simple Language ◽  
Auxiliary Verb

The article’s subject matter—verbs functioning in the sermons of the Old Russian church writer Cyril Turovskij (second half of the 12th century)—is considered in details for the first time on the basis of the earliest source, Tolstovskij Sbornik (second half of the 13th century). Since Cyril’s sermons were addressed to a wide range of listeners and readers they had to be based on intelligible and simple language forms that also preserved a connection with literary standards. This manifested itself in the significant Russification of the preaching language. The article describes the following features of the language of Cyril’s sermons: the earliest and widespread usage of “praesens historicum”; the exclusive usage of aorist forms with additional endings (načętъ type); the special functional and syntactic nature of the aorist rěšę; the unusually wide usage of 2 Sg. aorist and imperfect forms; the usage of perfective imperfect forms and imperfects with additional endings; the prospective future tense and modal functioning of the paraphrastic forms with the auxiliary verb xoščè; special cases of 1 Pl. imperatives usage; the special character of the reflexive enclitic sę; and the extraordinary distribution of periphrastic preterits forms. Some similarity of verbs functioning in Cyril’s homilies and The Tale of Igor’s Campaign is detected as well as in the original Chronicle, early Old Russian translations, and Paroemiarion.

scholarly journals Moralna wymowa gestu namaszczenia stóp i głowy Jezusa w Quaestio de Maria Magdalena et Maria sorore Lazari et Marthae Joachima z Fiore

Vox Patrum ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 175-193
Author(s):  
Jan Grzeszczak
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Holy Spirit ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
12Th Century ◽  
The Holy Spirit ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Joachim Of Fiore

Joachim of Fiore (1135-1202) – a Middle Age exegete and mystic – is the author of an impressive work on the vision of history, whose most renown ele­ment is the tertius status, i.e. the age of the Holy Spirit which precedes the end of the world and the Final Judgment. As an author, Joachim was also interested in the history of religious life in the Middle Ages and in various exegetical tools which he developed to analyze this subject. In his works, especially the minor ones, he also discusses practical problems related to religious life in the 12th century. The small tractate, Questio de Maria Magdalena et Maria sorore Lazari et Marthae, has been preserved in a single 13th century manuscript and is kept in the Biblioteca Antoniana in Padua. In his exegesis on various Gospel passages which deal with the anointing of Jesus’ feet and head in Galilee and Bethany, Joachim of Fiore intends to show that the actions of women who performed this gesture pos­sess a hidden moral significance: the certainty concerning the internal unity that occurs between contemplation and the virtue of humility. An example of this unity is Mary of Bethany who anointed the feet of Jesus and wiped them with her hair (cf. Jn 12:3) as a person who is humble and – at the same time – given to contem­plation. Still – according to Joachim – as a righteous person, she had the right to reach for the head of the Savior.

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