Systematic Errors Occur in the Discrimination of Complex Audio Signals

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-267
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Gerth
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Second Sound ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Sound Category ◽  
Sound Duration

Previous research suggests that the temporal pattern of dissimilar sounds may be a basis for confusion. To extend this research, the present study used complex sounds formed by simultaneously playing components drawn from four sound categories. Four temporal patterns, determined by sound duration and duty cycle were also used, producing a total of 16 basic components. The density (i.e., number of components played simultaneously) ranged from one to four. Subjects heard a sequence of two complex sounds and judged whether they were same of different. For trials in which the sounds differed, there were three possible manipulations: the addition of a component, the deletion of a component, and the substitution of one component for another. Overall accuracy was 94 percent across the 144 dissimilar sound complexes. As density increased, a significantly greater number of errors occurred for all classes of manipulations. Changes in individual temporal patterns across a variety of manipulations of sounds involving adding, deleting and substituting components were accurately discriminated. Subjects were least accurate in detecting substitutions of a pattern. A single sound category was identified in error prone sequences which was most often involved as the changing component from first to second sound presentation. Suggestions for the design of easily discriminated sounds are discussed.

Identification of Sounds with Multiple Timbres

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 539-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey M. Gerth
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Sound Change ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Auditory Display ◽  
Physical Separation ◽  
Complex Sound ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Sound Category

The present research examined identification of complex sounds created by simultaneously playing two or more component sounds in various combinations. Sixteen component sounds were used, created by imposing four distinct temporal patterns on four basic timbres, two musical timbres and two complex real-world timbres. In the present experiment, complex sounds were created by simultaneously playing one to four component sounds, each with a different timbre. Subjects heard a complex sound, followed by a second complex sound that always differed from the first by adding a component, deleting a component or substituting a component. Subjects indicated which component had been added, deleted, or substituted. Sound changes were identified with moderate accuracy (above 60 percent). The errors committed varied with temporal pattern, timbre, sound change and density. The analyses of identification confusions indicated that subjects identified the correct timbre of the sound change even when temporal patterning was confused. The finding that temporal patterns were confused largely within the sound category of the correct response limits the previous interpretation of other research, which found that similar temporal patterns are confusable even with differences in spectra. Results of the present investigation suggest that multiple, temporal patterns with varying timbres can be presented from a single physical location to convey a change in state or status of an informative sound source. Design contributions of the present research to auditory information systems such as virtual reality are discussed. For such an application, a combination of physical separation and multiple patterns with varying timbres could provide a coherent, yet informationally complex, auditory display.

Discrimination of speech, musical instruments and singing voices using the temporal patterns of sinusoidal segments in audio signals

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Taniguchi ◽  
Akishige Adachi ◽  
Shigeki Okawa ◽  
Masaaki Honda ◽  
Katsuhiko Shirai
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Musical Instruments ◽  
Audio Signals

Perception of Temporal Patterns

1985 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk-Jan Povel ◽  
Peter Essens
Keyword(s):  
Computer Program ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Basic Assumption ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Insight Into

To gain insight into the internal representation of temporal patterns, we studied the perception and reproduction of tone sequences in which only the tone-onset intervals were varied. A theory of the processing of such sequences, partly implemented as a computer program, is presented. A basic assumption of the theory is that perceivers try to generate an internal clock while listening to a temporal pattern. This internal clock is of a flexible nature that adapts itself to certain characteristics of the pattern under consideration. The distribution of accented events perceived in the sequence is supposed to determine whether a clock can (and which clock will) be generated internally. Further it is assumed that if a clock is induced in the perceiver, it will be used as a measuring device to specify the temporal structure of the pattern. The nature of this specification is formalized in a tentative coding model. Three experiments are reported that test different aspects of the model. In Experiment 1, subjects reproduced various temporal patterns that only differed structurally in order to test the hypothesis that patterns more readily inducing an internal clock will give rise to more accurate percepts. In Experiment 2, clock induction is manipulated experimentally to test the clock notion more directly. Experiment 3 tests the coding portion of the model by correlating theoretical complexity of temporal patterns based on the coding model with complexity judgments. The experiments yield data that support the theoretical ideas.

scholarly journals Conversor Doubler Output Coupled Inductor para Aplicações de Fontes Alternativas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
HENRIQUE JAHNKE HOCH ◽  
TIAGO MIGUEL KLEIN FAISTEL ◽  
ADEMIR TOEBE ◽  
ANTóNIO MANUEL SANTOS SPENCER ANDRADE
Keyword(s):  
High Voltage ◽  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Energy Generation ◽  
Boost Converter ◽  
Voltage Gain ◽  
Switched Capacitors ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Photovoltaic Energy ◽  
High Voltage Gain

High step-up DC-DC converters are necessary in photovoltaic energy generation, due the low voltage of the panels source. This article propose the Doubler Output Coupled Inductor converter. This converter is based in boost converter and utilize switched capacitors and a coupled inductor to maximize the static voltage gain. The converter achieve a high voltage gain with low turns ratio in the coupled inductor and an acceptable duty cycle. Can highlight the converter utilize low number of components and have low voltage and current stresses in semiconductors. To validate and evaluate the operation of the converter a 200W prototype is simulated.

scholarly journals Dynamics of the formation of a differentiation track conditioned reflex to sound stimuli of a certain duration in the gray seal Halichoerus grypus Fabricius, 1791 by the methods of operant conditioning.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-2021) ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
A.F. Berdnik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Conditioned Reflex ◽  
Audio Signal ◽  
Halichoerus Grypus ◽  
Audio Signals ◽  
Gray Seal ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Sound Duration

In the course of the study, a 15-year-old female gray seal was trained to press a button after displaying an audio signal for 5 seconds and ignore similar audio signals of longer or shorter duration. The conducted research has demonstrated the ability of the experimental seal to reliably differentiate sound signals with a difference in sound duration of 3 seconds. Changes in the reaction time and behavior of the seal during the demonstration of sound stimuli with distinguishable and indistinguishable time ranges are described.

A matrix-variate dirichlet process to model earthquake hypocentre temporal patterns

2020 ◽  
pp. 1471082X2093976
Author(s):  
Meredith A. Ray ◽  
Dale Bowman ◽  
Ryan Csontos ◽  
Roy B. Van Arsdale ◽  
Hongmei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Dirichlet Process ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
The United States ◽  
Seismic Zone ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Dirichlet Process Prior ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Over Time

Earthquakes are one of the deadliest natural disasters. Our study focuses on detecting temporal patterns of earthquakes occurring along intraplate faults in the New Madrid seismic zone (NMSZ) within the middle of the United States from 1996–2016. Based on the magnitude and location of each earthquake, we developed a Bayesian clustering method to group hypocentres such that each group shared the same temporal pattern of occurrence. We constructed a matrix-variate Dirichlet process prior to describe temporal trends in the space and to detect regions showing similar temporal patterns. Simulations were conducted to assess accuracy and performance of the proposed method and to compare to other commonly used clustering methods such as Kmean, Kmedian and partition-around-medoids. We applied the method to NMSZ data to identify clusters of temporal patterns, which represent areas of stress that are potentially migrating over time. This information can then be used to assist in the prediction of future earthquakes.

Pathophysiology of Tinnitus

1984 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aage R. Møsller
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Nerve ◽  
Neural Coding ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Phase Locking ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Complex Sounds ◽  
Ephaptic Transmission ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Auditory Nerve Fibers

The hypothesis is presented that certain forms of tinnitus are related to abnormal phase-locking of discharges in groups of auditory nerve fibers. Recent developments in auditory neurophysiology have shown that neural coding of the temporal pattern of sounds plays an important role in the analysis of complex sounds. In addition, it has been demonstrated that when some other cranial nerves are damaged, artificial synapses can occur between individual nerve fibers such that ephaptic transmission between nerve fibers is facilitated. Such “crosstalk” between auditory nerve fibers is assumed to result in phase-locking of the spontaneous activity of groups of neurons which in the absence of external sounds creates a neural pattern that resembles that evoked by sounds.

Temporal patterns of soil phosphorus release to runoff during a rainfall event as influenced by soil properties and its effects on estimating soil P losses

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. T. Wang ◽  
T. Q. Zhang ◽  
Q. C. Hu ◽  
I. P. O'Halloran ◽  
C. S. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Surface Runoff ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Phosphorus Release ◽  
Rainfall Event ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Soil Runoff ◽  
Wide Range

Wang, Y. T., Zhang, T. Q., Hu, Q. C., O'Halloran, I. P., Tan, C. S. and Reid, K. 2011. Temporal patterns of soil phosphorus release to runoff during a rainfall event as influenced by soil properties and its effects on estimating soil P losses. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 339–347. The phosphorus (P) released in soil runoff during a rainfall event varies as labile P is depleted, and the dynamic pattern can be a function of soil P content and other soil properties. This study was conducted to determine the temporal pattern of runoff dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentration during a simulated rainfall event and the controlling soil properties. Soil samples were collected from six soil types across the province of Ontario, with 10 sites for each, to provide a wide range of soil test P (STP) levels. The instantaneous DRP concentration in surface runoff created during the rainfall event could be predicted by time t (min, since the onset of surface runoff) through a power function: DRP=αt−β, where α and β are constants representing initial potential of soil P release to runoff as DRP at the onset of surface runoff and DRP decrease rate with time, respectively. The values of α and β for a given soil could be determined by DPSM3-2 (Mehlich-3 P/Mehlich-3 Al) using the following formulas:[Formula: see text] The description of the temporal pattern of runoff DRP concentration during a rainfall event with the constants estimated using DPSM3−2 can aid in the prediction of soil runoff DRP loss.

scholarly journals The insect antenna: segmentation, patterning and positional homology

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Minelli
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Imaginal Disc ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Basic Mechanism ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Antennal Flagellum ◽  
Apical Direction ◽  
Insect Antenna

The basic mechanism by which the antennal flagellum is subdivided into flagellomeres is probably the same in all insects, irrespective of whether the process occurs in the embryo, in the eye/antenna imaginal disc, or through a series of post-embryonic increments punctuated by moults. The ultimate origin of (all?) flagellomeres is the first antennomere following the pedicel, from which split off in apical direction new primary flagellomeres, each of which is eventually the source of secondary flagellomeres, according to specific spatial and temporal patterns subject to heterochrony. Only a detailed knowledge of the underlying segmentation processes could provide the ultimate background for determining positional homology between flagellomeres of two antennae with different number of antennomeres. The antennae of the Heteroptera are likely re-segmented, as their second antennomere seems to include a flagellar component. The larval antennae of the holometabolans are temporal serial homologues of those of the adult, but their segmental composition is problematic. Significant progress will be done by understanding what differentiates antennomeres that divide, either embryonically or post-embryonically, from those that do not; and by discovering whether the spatial and temporal pattern of division along the flagellum depends on local cues, or on signals travelling along the whole proximo-distal axis of the appendage.

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