SETTLEMENTS AND PIRACY ON THE EASTERN SHORE OF THE BALTIC SEA: THE MIDDLE AGES TO MODERN TIMES

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
VLADAS ŽULKUS
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Middle Ages

Clause-final negative particles in varieties of Swedish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Rosenkvist
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Geographic Distribution ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
External Position ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Internal Particle

Abstract While the Swedish negator inte may be doubled in a final clause-external position, in both standard Swedish and dialects, many dialects also allow a final, clause-internal particle (e, i or ai) in negated clauses. FNPs occur in a coherent area around the Baltic Sea, and in contrast with doubling negation, they are possible both after both inte and aldrig ‘never’. FNPs are also used in questions and exclamations, contexts that disallow doubling negation. These particles may have developed from the former Swedish negator ej or from the common inte. An argument for the former alternative is that other dialectal phenomena that spread from central Sweden during the late Middle Ages have approximately the same geographic distribution. In the final section of the paper, some typological consequences and implications are discussed. Furthermore, it is argued that syntactic studies of non-standard varieties may reveal new insights of typological relevance.

scholarly journals Comparative Analysis of Ports on the Eastern Baltic Sea Coast

Logistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jūratė Liebuvienė ◽  
Kristina Čižiūnienė
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
General Type ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Eastern Shore ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Sea Coast ◽  
Eastern Baltic

Ports are an important part of the global and regional freight supply chain and transport network. As port activities have a significant impact on the economic growth of these countries, it is necessary to constantly analyse and plan port activities, anticipate market changes and improve the ability of ports to withstand the growing general competitive pressure. This article analyses studies conducted by researchers on the topic of seaports, thus, and find that there are no analyses comparing more than two ports. A comparative analysis of the ports on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea was conducted using the analysis of statistical data. The comparative analysis of ports on the eastern Baltic Sea revealed that Klaipeda port is the most diversified port in the eastern Baltic Sea region, given that it does not have any single most important type of cargo. The largest ports in terms of bulk cargo are in Tallinn, Riga and Ventspils. Primorsk is the largest port for liquid cargo and St. Petersburg handles the greatest volumes of cargo of a general type andwhile the distribution of cargo flows in the port of Visotsk is best correlated with the selected parameters, which allows us to state that the infrastructure of this port is used to the maximum.

scholarly journals Establishing transboundary tourist space in the Baltic Sea region

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (Special Issue 1) ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
DENIS CERIĆ ◽  
MAREK WIĘCKOWSKI
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Regional Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation

Background: The Baltic Sea region has been an area of intense political, economic and cultural contacts since the early Middle Ages. However, it severely suffered both during the Second World War and in its aftermath through to 1989. Since the mid-1990s, initiatives, programs and organisations promoting cooperation in this region have been put in place, and, in line with the expansion of the European Union, there have been far more opportunities (both organisational and financial) for cross-border cooperation, including in a transboundary context. Material and methods: The main sources of data for quantitative analysis have been official reports of Interreg Programme projects in the Baltic Sea region, as given effect to in the period between 2007 and 2013. In turn, qualitative analysis has drawn on descriptions of selected projects, mainly in reports and on relevant websites. Results: This article acquaints the reader with issues underpinning cross-border cooperation in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region, focusing on key aspects relating to the establishment of transboundary tourist space. Several examples of EU co-financed cross-border cooperation in tourism are also presented in greater detail. Conclusions: The process of establishing transboundary tourist space across the Baltic Sea is seen to depend greatly on co-financing by the European Union. Such EU-backed projects serving the development of cross-border tourism in the transboundary context of the Baltic Sea region can be assigned to four groups entailing: (1) the integration of transport, (2) tourism management, (3) the generation of tourist products, and (4) the development of a regional identity. However, it is typical of these projects for cooperation in the development of tourist attractions and products to be led by entities from the more developed part of the region, which therefore receive more funding than partners’ beneficiaries from the Baltic’s less-developed part. Preliminary analysis thus suggests that EU projects may not necessarily help to even out differences, i.e. reduce disparities, between the “Old” and “New” EU, even if they may be significant in helping to combine potential.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of early medieval anthropomorphic wooden figurines from Poland. Representations of gods, deceased or ritual objects?

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paweł Szczepanik
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Unique Character ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Sea Basin ◽  
Written Sources

Miniature anthropomorphic images, due to their unique character, have attracted the attention of archaeologists for a very long time. This text analyses the forms, significance and functions of items coming from the early Middle Ages, which were discovered in the area of Poland. The set of wooden objects is diverse in terms of form and probably also in terms of meaning. The biggest number of artefacts come from Pomerania, but some of them were found in other places. The Baltic Sea basin will be used as a broad comparative background during this analysis. Information from written sources and from broad anthropological reflection will also be used in an attempt to determine the functions and meanings of these miniature figurines. Thanks to this analysis, it will be possible to show the importance of anthropomorphic figures in the context of early medieval religion and beliefs.

The recent history of Finnish winter navigation in the Baltic Sea

Polar Record ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Élise Lépy
Keyword(s):  
Sea Ice ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Maritime Transportation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Hanseatic League ◽  
Ice Conditions ◽  
The Baltic

ABSTRACTThe Baltic Sea is one of the major maritime highway. During the middle ages, many of its southern ports belonged to the Hanseatic League. Since then, maritime traffic in the Baltic Sea has grown, having its trading activities internationalised through the diffusion of new shipping technologies. In 2007, the volume of cargo handled in Baltic ports was approximately 850 million tons. Moreover, the Baltic has an excellent network for passenger transportation: approximately 30 million people travel every year by ferry.Nowadays, its winter traffic represents about one quarter of the annual traffic. Nevertheless winter navigation is relatively recent in the extremities of the gulfs of Bothnia and Finland. Indeed, at the beginning of maritime transportation, the activity was seasonal and occurred only in open water, threatening to stop completely in winter due to sea ice formation. But for over a century, the evolution of materials and shipping techniques has allowed continuous maritime navigation. Despite the fact that sea ice conditions require the assistance of icebreakers, adapted port infrastructures, the introduction of ice classes and winter restrictions to the navigation, harsh winter conditions inevitably induce an increase in maritime incidents. There is the question of the future of winter navigation in the context of global warming and a possible significant reduction of sea ice.

scholarly journals Reinventing the Baltic Sea Region: From the Hansa to the Eu-Strategy of 2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 5-17
Author(s):  
Michael North
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Political ◽  
Eastern Enlargement ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Physical Setting ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
New Situation ◽  
The Eu

The political changes of 1989 stimulated a new perception and perspective of the Baltic Sea Region. And this gained momentum with the Eastern Enlargement of the EU. The new situation encouraged research as well. In this context the “Baltic Sea” is not an unchangeable physical setting, but also a construction of different actors or protagonists. People and powers continuously reinvent the Baltic Sea Region. That is why; the following paper focuses on the different notions of the Baltic Sea Region from the Middle Ages up to now and also examines the recent EU-Strategy of this region.

Problems in Locating Historic, Unexploded Ordnance in the Baltic Sea

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Uwe Wichert
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Unexploded Ordnance ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The World ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Cold War

AbstractThroughout history, the Baltic Sea has been the scene of wars and conflict. From the Middle Ages to the Cold War, countries have sent their warships and fleets to the Baltic Sea to fight. The relicts of conflicts before 1900 are interesting from an historical perspective, but they are not dangerous. The ammunition used in World Wars I and II, especially from small, intensive battles with smaller forces, are dangerous relics that require special attention. The presence of various kinds of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is known, but their exact locations on the bottom of the sea remain unknown. It is generally accepted that more than 175,000 mines were laid in the Baltic Sea and its approaches, the Skagerrak and Kattegat, during the world wars. Many of the mines have been swept or destroyed, and many more mines have been located during subsequent disposal operations. Although documentation of munitions use is fragmented and is often incomplete, a comprehensive research effort has made operations in the Baltic Sea much more efficient and effective. Locating UXO in the Baltic Sea is aided by knowledge of historic sea charts, navigation procedures, and the use of modern survey equipment.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document