Relationships Between Body Mass Index and Static and Dynamic Balance in Active and Inactive Older Adults

Abstract Ageing is associated with reduced muscle mass, strength, flexibility and balance, resulting in a poor quality of life (QOL). Past studies have occurred in highly controlled laboratory settings which provide strong support to determine whether similar gains can be made in community programmes. Twenty participants were enrolled in an eight-week community-based resistance training programme (mean age = 61.3 (standard error (SE) = 0.9) years); Body Mass Index = 32.0 (SE = 1.3) kg/m2). All participants completed surveys to assess outcomes associated with QOL. Given the relationship between muscle function and nerve health, nerve conduction studies (NCS) were also conducted in a separate group of participants (mean age = 64.9 (SE = 2.0) years; Body Mass Index = 32.6 (SE = 1.9) kg/m2). This community-based training programme significantly improved QOL measures in older adults (p < 0.001). Although weight loss was not the primary outcome of the study, participants reduced their body weights (p < 0.001), by primarily reducing fat mass (p = 0.007) while maintaining muscle mass. Significant improvements were observed in muscle strength (2.2%), flexibility and balance (3.2–464.2%, p ⩽ 0.05 for all). Improvements were also observed in plasma glucose (p = 0.05), haemoglobin A1C (p = 0.06) and aldolase enzyme levels (p < 0.001). Scores for surveys on memory and sleep improved (p < 0.05). Improved QOL was associated with increased lean mass (r = −0.714, p = 0.002), decreased fat mass (r = −0.702, p = 0.003) and improved flexibility and balance (r = −0.627, p = 0.008). An eight-week, community-based resistance training programme significantly improved QOL in older adults. Influence on the lipid profile and NCS still needs further investigation.

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Five-Year Change in Body Mass Index Predicts Conversion to Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia Only in APOE ɛ4 Allele Carriers

Journal of Alzheimer s Disease ◽

10.3233/jad-201360 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Kylie R. Kadey ◽

John L. Woodard ◽

Allison C. Moll ◽

Kristy A. Nielson ◽

J. Carson Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽

Body Mass ◽

Carrier Status ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

E4 Allele ◽

Lifestyle Risk

Background: Body mass index (BMI) has been identified as an important modifiable lifestyle risk factor for dementia, but less is known about how BMI might interact with Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 (APOE ɛ4) carrier status to predict conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between APOE ɛ4 status and baseline (bBMI) and five-year BMI change (ΔBMI) on conversion to MCI or dementia in initially cognitively healthy older adults. Methods: The associations between bBMI, ΔBMI, APOE ɛ4 status, and conversion to MCI or dementia were investigated among 1,289 cognitively healthy elders from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) database. Results: After five years, significantly more carriers (30.6%) converted to MCI or dementia than noncarriers (17.6%), p < 0.001, OR = 2.06. Neither bBMI (OR = 0.99, 95%CI = 0.96–1.02) nor the bBMI by APOE interaction (OR = 1.02, 95%CI = 0.96–1.08) predicted conversion. Although ΔBMI also did not significantly predict conversion (OR = 0.90, 95%CI = 0.78–1.04), the interaction between ΔBMI and carrier status was significant (OR = 0.72, 95%CI = 0.53–0.98). For carriers only, each one-unit decline in BMI over five years was associated with a 27%increase in the odds of conversion (OR = 0.73, 95%CI = 0.57–0.94). Conclusion: A decline in BMI over five years, but not bBMI, was strongly associated with conversion to MCI or dementia only for APOE ɛ4 carriers. Interventions and behaviors aimed at maintaining body mass may be important for long term cognitive health in older adults at genetic risk for AD.

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The relationship between body mass index and pulse pressure in older adults with isolated systolic hypertension

American Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1016/s0895-7061(02)02269-0 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 538-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

D. Martins ◽

N. Tareen ◽

D. Pan ◽

K. Norris

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Pulse Pressure ◽

Systolic Hypertension ◽

Isolated Systolic Hypertension ◽

The Relationship

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Challenging the “jolly fat” hypothesis among older adults: High body mass index predicts increases in depressive symptoms over a 5-year period

Journal of Health Psychology ◽

10.1177/1359105316675209 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 48-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Peter Joseph Dearborn ◽

Michael A Robbins ◽

Merrill F Elias

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Depressive Symptoms ◽

Body Mass ◽

Functional Limitations ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Obesity Prevalence ◽

Community Based ◽

Objectively Measured

Several investigators have observed lowered risk of depression among obese older adults, coining the “jolly fat” hypothesis. We examined this hypothesis using baseline and a 5-year follow-up body mass index, depressive symptoms, and covariates from 638 community-based older adults. High objectively measured body mass index and functional limitations predicted increased future depressive symptoms. However, symptoms did not predict future body mass index. Self-reported body mass index showed similar associations despite underestimating obesity prevalence. Results did not differ on the basis of gender. Results for this study, the first longitudinal reciprocal risk analysis between objectively measured body mass index and depressive symptoms among older adults, do not support the “jolly fat” hypothesis.

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Human Fecal Metabolome Reflects Differences in Body Mass Index, Physical Fitness, and Blood Lipoproteins in Healthy Older Adults

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11110717 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 717

Author(s):

Mengni Cui ◽

Alessia Trimigno ◽

Josue L. Castro-Mejía ◽

Søren Reitelseder ◽

Jacob Bülow ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Physical Fitness ◽

Glutamic Acid ◽

Human Health ◽

Body Mass ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Healthy Older Adults ◽

Lipoprotein Particles

This study investigated how body mass index (BMI), physical fitness, and blood plasma lipoprotein levels are related to the fecal metabolome in older adults. The fecal metabolome data were acquired using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry on 163 healthy older adults (65–80 years old, 80 females and 83 males). Overweight and obese subjects (BMI ≥ 27) showed higher levels of fecal amino acids (AAs) (valine, alanine, and phenylalanine) compared to normal-weight subjects (BMI ≤ 23.5). Adults classified in the high-fitness group displayed slightly lower concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids, propionic acid, and AAs (methionine, leucine, glutamic acid, and threonine) compared to the low-fitness group. Subjects with lower levels of cholesterol in low-density lipoprotein particles (LDLchol, ≤2.6 mmol/L) displayed higher fecal levels of valine, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, and lactic acid, while subjects with a higher level of cholesterol in high-density lipoprotein particles (HDLchol, ≥2.1 mmol/L) showed lower fecal concentration of isovaleric acid. The results from this study suggest that the human fecal metabolome, which primarily represents undigested food waste and metabolites produced by the gut microbiome, carries important information about human health and should be closely integrated to other omics data for a better understanding of the role of the gut microbiome and diet on human health and metabolism.

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The Relationship of Older Adults' Activities and Body Mass Index

Journal of Aging and Health ◽

10.1177/0898264307310466 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 217-234 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Kristi Rahrig Jenkins ◽

Nancy H. Fultz

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

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The Association Between Body Mass Index, Frailty and Long-term Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Older Adults

The American Journal of the Medical Sciences ◽

10.1016/j.amjms.2021.04.004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Prarthna V. Bhardwaj ◽

Vida Rastegar ◽

Rohini Meka ◽

Khalid Sawalha ◽

Maura Brennan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Body Mass ◽

Hospitalized Older Adults

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INCREASED INTRAMUSCULAR ADIPOSE TISSUE IS RELATED TO INCREASED CAPILLARIZATION IN OLDER ADULTS

Journal of Frailty & Aging ◽

10.14283/jfa.2020.20 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

O. Addison

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Body Mass ◽

Medical Center ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Positive Development ◽

Intramuscular Adipose Tissue ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Background: High levels of intramuscular adipose tissue and low levels of capillarization are both predicative of low muscle and mobility function in older adults, however little is known about their relationship. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of intramuscular adipose tissue and capillarization in older adults. Setting: An outpatient medical center. Participants: Forty-seven sedentary adults (age 59.9 ± 1.0 years, BMI 32.0 ± 0.7 kg/m2, VO2max 22.4 ± 0.7 ml/kg/min); Measurements: All participants underwent CT scans to determine intramuscular adipose tissue and muscle biopsies to determine capillarization in the mid-thigh. A step-wise hierarchical linear regression analysis was used to examine the contributions of age, sex, race, body mass index, 2-hour postprandial glucose, VO2max, and muscle capillarization, to the variability in intramuscular adipose tissue. Results: The predictors as a group accounted for 38.1% of the variance in intramuscular adipose tissue, with body mass index and capillarization each significantly contributing to the final model (P<0.001). The part correlation of body mass index with intramuscular adipose tissue was r = 0.47, and the part correlation of capillarization with intramuscular adipose tissue was r = 0.39, indicating that body mass index and capillarization explained 22.1%, and 15.2% of the variance in intramuscular adipose tissue. Conclusions: While increased muscle capillarization is typically thought of as a positive development, in some clinical conditions, such as tendinopathies, an increase in capillarization is part of the pathological process related to expansion of the extracellular matrix and fibrosis. This may also be an explanation for the surprising finding that high capillarization is related to high levels of intramuscular adipose tissue. Future studies are necessary to determine the relationship of changes in both capillarization and intramuscular adipose tissue after interventions, such as exercise.

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