scholarly journals Malleability of Statistical Perception: Impact of Validity Presentation on College Admission Test Policy Preferences

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Don C. Zhang ◽  
Jonathan Wai
Keyword(s):  
Effect Size ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
College Admission ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Policy Preferences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Admission Tests ◽  
The Social ◽  
Admission Test ◽  
Test Optional

Research evidence in the social sciences often relies on effect size statistics, which are hard to understand for the public and do not always provide clear information for decision-makers. One area where interpretation of research evidence has profound effects on policy is college admission testing. In this paper, we conducted two experiments testing how different effect size presentations affect validity perception and policy preferences toward standardized admission tests (e.g., ACT, SAT). We found that compared to traditional effect size statistics (e.g., correlation coefficient), participants perceived admission tests to be more predictively valid when the same evidence was presented using an alternative effect size presentation. The perceived validity of the admission test was also positively associated with admission test policies (e.g., test-optional policy) preferences. Our findings show that policy preferences toward admission tests depend on the perception of statistical evidence, which is malleable and depends on how evidence is presented.

scholarly journals Health Priority Setting in Iran: Evaluating Against the Social Values Framework

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 212
Author(s):  
Hakimeh Mostafavi ◽  
Arash Rashidian ◽  
Mohammad Arab ◽  
Mohammad R. V. Mahdavi ◽  
Kioomars Ashtarian
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health System ◽  
Priority Setting ◽  
Social Values ◽  
City Council ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
Health Technologies ◽  
Health Priority ◽  
The Social

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Health systems, as part of the social system, consider public values. This study was conducted to examine the role of social values in the health priority setting in the Iranian health system.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this qualitative case study, three main data sources were used: literature, national documents, and key informants who were purposefully selected from health care organizations and other related institutions. Data was analyzed and interpreted using the Clark-Weale Framework.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> According to our results, the public indirectly participates in decision-making. The public representatives participate in the meetings of the health priority setting as parliament members, representatives of some unions, members of the city council, and donors. The transparency of the decisions and the accountability of the decision makers are low. Decision makers only respond to complaints of the Audit Court and the Inspection Organization. Individual choice, although respected in hospitals and clinics, is limited in health care networks because of the referral system. Clinical effectiveness is considered in insurance companies and some hospitals. There are no technical abilities to determine the cost-effectiveness of health technologies; however, some international experiences are employed. Equity and solidarity are considered in different levels of the health system.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Social values are considered in the health priority decisions in limited ways. It seems that the lack of an appropriate value-based framework for priority setting and also the lack of public participation are the major defects of the health system. It is recommended that health policymakers invite different groups of people and stakeholders for active involvement in health priority decisions. </p>

scholarly journals Surveys of residents’ attitudes to tourism development

2007 ◽  
pp. 220-227
Author(s):  
Katalin Vargáné Csobán
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Economic Downturns ◽  
Development Plans ◽  
Residents Attitudes

Tourism has an important role in the various development plans and strategies around the world. It has also become an important component of rural development programs, as rural communities experiencing serious economic downturns often consider tourism to be a possible way of development. The expected positive economic and social impacts may not occur and negative tendencies are reinforced if communities do not support or even oppose tourism development. For this reason, it is highly important for planners and decision-makers to understand how the public perceives the tourism industry.In the international literature there is a growing number of studies about residents’ attitudes toward tourism development. In the present study I review the social and economic factors that influence the attitudes of residents and communities, as well as demonstrate the typologies that were created on the basis of the results. Finally, I summarize the theoretical models that are used to interpret the results of the investigations.

scholarly journals Do extended school day programs affect performance in college admission tests?

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-266
Author(s):  
Daniel Araujo ◽  
Guilherme Bayma ◽  
Carolina Melo ◽  
Milena Mendonça ◽  
Luciano Sampaio
Keyword(s):  
Program Implementation ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
College Admission ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Class Time ◽  
Language Class ◽  
Admission Tests ◽  
Program Effects ◽  
School Day ◽  
Admission Test

We assess the effects of a Brazilian extended high school day program on college admission test scores. The program entails an increase in Math/Science and Language class time, and the introduction of extra-class activity time. We exploit variation in program implementation timing to apply a difference-in-differences strategy and an event-study approach. Results show positive large effects on test scores and suggest that these effects are likely driven by increased class and extra-class activity hours. Moreover, the program affects not only scores in subjects for which it contemplates increased class time, but also in Humanities. Finally, we are able to show that increased time dedicated to academic-related extra-class activities works as a multiplier of program effects. In fact, these additional hours spent in complementary activities make the magnitude of program effects double from 0.092-0.150 to 0.180-0.317 standard deviation.

scholarly journals Missed Exams and Lost Opportunities: Who Could Gain From Expanded College Admission Testing?

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233285841985503 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily E. Cook ◽  
Sarah Turner
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
High School Graduates ◽  
College Admission ◽  
College Attendance ◽  
Low Income Students ◽  
Admission Tests ◽  
Universal Testing ◽  
Admission Test

When students with the capacity to succeed in a 4-year college do not take a college admission test, this represents a potential loss of opportunity for students and colleges alike. However, the costs of testing—both pecuniary and nonpecuniary—may exceed the benefits for students who lack the interest in or qualifications for college attendance. In states like Virginia, access to admission tests varies markedly with district and family circumstances. We estimate that universal testing in Virginia could increase the number of high school graduates with test scores competitive for admission at broad-access universities in the state by as much as 40%—and at the most selective institutions by nearly 20%—with larger increases for low-income students. Alternative policies that encourage testing among students with strong demonstrated academic performance could realize nearly these increases without generating testing costs for students who are unlikely to attend a 4-year college.

scholarly journals Scientists on Twitter: Preaching to the choir or singing from the rooftops?

FACETS ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 682-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle M. Côté ◽  
Emily S. Darling
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Faculty Members ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
The Public ◽  
Exponential Increase ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Media Platforms

There have been strong calls for scientists to share their discoveries with society. Some scientists have heeded these calls through social media platforms such as Twitter. Here, we ask whether Twitter allows scientists to promote their findings primarily to other scientists (“inreach”), or whether it can help them reach broader, non-scientific audiences (“outreach”). We analyzed the Twitter followers of more than 100 faculty members in ecology and evolutionary biology and found that their followers are, on average, predominantly (∼55%) other scientists. However, beyond a threshold of ∼1000 followers, the range of follower types became more diverse and included research and educational organizations, media, members of the public with no stated association with science, and a small number of decision-makers. This varied audience was, in turn, followed by more people, resulting in an exponential increase in the social media reach of tweeting academic scientists. Tweeting, therefore, has the potential to disseminate scientific information widely after initial efforts to gain followers. These results should encourage scientists to invest in building a social media presence for scientific outreach.

El Niño, 1997-1998

2000 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
News Media ◽  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Span ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Issues

This book will cover the time span from the first indications of El Nino (May 1997) until its reversal (June 1998). The focus will be largely on the United States, where El Nino produced widespread changes in how the public perceives weather and in the accuracy of forecasts Among the key issues it will examine are how the news media interpreted and dramatixed El Nino and the reaction both of the public and decision-makers (the latter based on interviews with agribusiness, utilities, water management agencies, etc.); the scientific issues emerging from the event; and the social and economic consequences of the event. Finally, it will suggest what can and should be done when El Nino occurs in the future.

scholarly journals Social dimensions of a forest-based bioeconomy: A summary and synthesis

AMBIO ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1851-1859
Author(s):  
Lea Ranacher ◽  
Ida Wallin ◽  
Lauri Valsta ◽  
Daniela Kleinschmit
Keyword(s):  
Special Section ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Social Dimensions ◽  
Political Decision ◽  
The Public ◽  
Consumer Studies ◽  
Public Media ◽  
The Social ◽  
Socially Relevant

Abstract How perceptions of the forest-based bioeconomy differ across country contexts and social groups is important as it opens possibilities for the development of more inclusive, locally and socially relevant bioeconomy policies and strategies. Therefore, this special section explores the social dimensions of the forest-based bioeconomy by focusing on discourses and perceptions of different actor groups in Europe. We introduce six articles that range from review and discursive approaches to consumer studies. The section adds to the existing literature by focusing not only on political decision makers, stakeholders, and experts but also on the public, media and students. Patterns in the presented discourses and perceptions can be identified but more is needed to validate these and respond to the question of representativeness.

Pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Oleh BPJS Kesehatan Dalam Perspektif Syariah

Liquidity ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 110-118
Author(s):  
Iwan Subandi ◽  
Fathurrahman Djamil
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Financial Institution ◽  
Social Supports ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Ministry Of Finance ◽  
Health Support ◽  
The Government

Health is the basic right for everybody, therefore every citizen is entitled to get the health care. In enforcing the regulation for Jaringan Kesehatan Nasional (National Health Supports), it is heavily influenced by the foreign interests. Economically, this program does not reduce the people’s burdens, on the contrary, it will increase them. This means the health supports in which should place the government as the guarantor of the public health, but the people themselves that should pay for the health care. In the realization of the health support the are elements against the Syariah principles. Indonesian Muslim Religious Leaders (MUI) only say that the BPJS Kesehatan (Sosial Support Institution for Health) does not conform with the syariah. The society is asked to register and continue the participation in the program of Social Supports Institution for Health. The best solution is to enforce the mechanism which is in accordance with the syariah principles. The establishment of BPJS based on syariah has to be carried out in cooperation from the elements of Social Supports Institution (BPJS), Indonesian Muslim Religious (MUI), Financial Institution Authorities, National Social Supports Council, Ministry of Health, and Ministry of Finance. Accordingly, the Social Supports Institution for Helath (BPJS Kesehatan) based on syariah principles could be obtained and could became the solution of the polemics in the society.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document