COGNITIVE CONTROL SYSTEM: STRUCTURES AND MODELS

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (101) ◽  
pp. 387-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykhailo, Poliakov ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy T. Do ◽  
Paul B. Sharp ◽  
Eva H. Telzer

Heightened risk taking in adolescence has long been attributed to valuation systems overwhelming the deployment of cognitive control. However, this explanation of why adolescents engage in risk taking is insufficient given increasing evidence that risk-taking behavior can be strategic and involve elevated cognitive control. We argue that applying the expected-value-of-control computational model to adolescent risk taking can clarify under what conditions control is elevated or diminished during risky decision-making. Through this lens, we review research examining when adolescent risk taking might be due to—rather than a failure of—effective cognitive control and suggest compelling ways to test such hypotheses. This effort can resolve when risk taking arises from an immaturity of the control system itself, as opposed to arising from differences in what adolescents value relative to adults. It can also identify promising avenues for channeling cognitive control toward adaptive outcomes in adolescence.


2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Shaun Ho ◽  
Yoshio Nakamura

In this paper, we aim to use an innovative model to integrate applied work on a fast-acting mind-body intervention, Mind-Body Bridging (MBB), with theoretical work based on psychology and neuroscience. In an affect-object generative inference and regulation (AGIR) model, we propose that functional dynamics between two systems, the affect-object thought generation system and the cognitive control system, can guide an individual to achieve homeostasis within self and harmonious relationships with others. We used Neurosynth (www.neurosynth.org), an automated meta-analysis database, to identify potential brain substrates underlying the key components in the AGIR model. Based on the findings, some brain regions are implicated as the key cortical substrates in this model, corroborating our central hypothesis that a hallmark of mind-body wellbeing can be characterized as a low-frequency anti-correlantion between 1) the cognitive control system including the dorsal anterior/middle cingulate cortex, and 2) the affect-object thought generation system including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and posterior cingulate cortex. MBB provides an efficient strategy for responding to and dissolving a fundamental problem that impairs mind-body wellbeing, i.e. , unrealistic identity-grasping consisting of self-centered embodied expectations of self and others. We demonstrated how theoretical and applied work could be integrated by drawing evidence from the neuroscience literature to support the AGIR model, and then we applied the AGIR model to elucidate how MBB might work.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roksana Markiewicz ◽  
Ali Mazaheri ◽  
Andrea Krott

Performance differences between bilingual and monolingual participants on conflict tasks can be affected by the balance of various sub-processes such as monitoring and stimulus categorisation. Here we investigated the effect of bilingualism on these sub-processes during a conflict task with medium monitoring demand. We examined the behavioural and evoked potentials from a group of bilingual and monolingual speakers during a flanker task with 25% incongruent trials. We analysed behavioural differences by means of averaged response times and ex-Gaussian analyses of response time distributions. For the evoked potentials we focused on the N2 (implicated to be involved in monitoring) and P300 (implicated to be involved in categorisation) responses. We found that bilinguals had significantly longer response distribution tails compared to monolinguals. Additionally, bilinguals exhibited a more pronounced N2 and smaller P3 components compared to their monolingual counterparts, independent of experimental condition, suggesting enhanced monitoring processes and reduced categorisation effort. Importantly, N2 amplitudes were positively and P3 amplitudes were negatively related to the length of response distribution tails. We postulate that these results reflect an overactive monitoring system in bilinguals in a task of medium monitoring demand. This enhanced monitoring leads to less effortful categorisation, but also occasionally to slow responses. These results suggest that changes of the cognitive control system due to bilingual experience changes the balance of processes during conflict tasks, potentially leading to a small behavioural disadvantage.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjorn Burgher ◽  
Genevieve Whybird ◽  
Nikitas Koussis ◽  
James G. Scott ◽  
Luca Cocchi ◽  
...  

AbstractExecutive dysfunctions in early psychosis (EP) are subtle but persistent, hindering recovery. We asked whether changes in the cognitive control system (CCS) disrupt the response to increased cognitive load in persons with EP. In all, 30 EP and 30 control participants undertook multimodal MRI. Computational models of structural and effective connectivity amongst regions in the CCS were informed by cortical responses to the multi-source interference task, a paradigm that selectively introduces stimulus conflict. EP participants showed greater activation of CCS regions, including the superior parietal cortex, and were disproportionately slower at resolving stimulus conflict in the task. Computational models of the effective connectivity underlying this behavioral response suggest that the normative (control) group resolved stimulus conflict through an efficient and direct modulation of gain between the visual cortex and the anterior insula (AI). In contrast, the EP group utilized an indirect path, with parallel and multi-region hops to resolve stimulus conflict at the AI. Individual differences in task performance were dependent on initial linear gain modulations in the EP group versus a single nonlinear modulation in the control group. Effective connectivity in the EP group was associated with reduced structural integration amongst those connections critical for task execution. CCS engagement during stimulus conflict is hampered in EP owing to inefficient use of higher-order network interactions, with high tonic gain impeding task-relevant (phasic) signal amplification.


2004 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 65-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
KAZUHIKO KAWAMURA ◽  
R. ALAN PETERS II ◽  
ROBERT E. BODENHEIMER ◽  
NILANJAN SARKAR ◽  
JUYI PARK ◽  
...  

During the last decade, researchers at Vanderbilt have been developing a humanoid robot called the Intelligent Soft Arm Control (ISAC). This paper describes ISAC in terms of its software components and with respect to the design philosophy that has evolved over the course of its development. Central to the control system is a parallel, distributed software architecture, comprising a set of independent software objects or agents that execute as needed on standard PCs linked via Ethernet. Fundamental to the design philosophy is the direct physical interaction of the robot with people. Initially, this philosophy guided application development. Yet over time it became apparent that such interaction may be necessary for the acquisition of intelligent behaviors by an agent in a human-centered environment. Concurrent to that evolution was a shift from a programmer's high-level specification of action toward the robot's own motion acquisition of primitive behaviors through sensory-motor coordination (SMC) and task learning through cognitive control and working memory. Described is the parallel distributed cognitive control architecture and the advantages and limitations that have guided its development. Primary structures for sensing, memory, and cognition are described. Motion learning through teleoperation and fault diagnosis through system health monitoring are also covered. The generality of the control system is discussed in terms of its applicability to physically heterogeneous robots and multi-robot systems.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document