Parametric analysis on a simple design water reaction turbine for low-head low-flow Pico-hydro generation system

This paper presents a parametric analysis of the outward flow reaction type turbine known as a Z-Blade turbine for low-head low-flow conditions. By applying the principles of mass conservation, momentum and energy, a nomogram was designed to investigate the theoretical performance characteristics. Based on the parametric analysis and the governing equations and experimental results, attempts have been made to prove that the mass flow rate, angular speed, centrifugal head, power output and efficiency respond dynamically to the water head, radius of the rotor, size of the PVC pipes and the nozzle exit area. A turbine with a 1” pipe diameter gives a higher performance compared to a 1/2” pipe diameter, and certainly the performances of both pipe sizes are improved when the supplied potential energy is increased. This innovative turbine has a maximum rotational speed at an optimum turbine diameter at 0.6m, accompanied by a point where there is a sudden reduction in the water flow rate, where previously the increment in the water flow rate was very high. This can shows from the outcome nomogram with 1” pipe diameter can perform 350 rpm speed with 1.48 L/sec water flow. The Z-Blade turbine has been examined and has shown good potential to be used for low-head (3m, 4m and 5m) and low-flow (less than 2.5 L/sec) conditions.

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Optimization of Reaction Typed Water Turbine in Very Low Head Water Resources for Pico Hydro

Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences ◽

10.37934/arfmts.90.1.2339 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 90 (1) ◽

pp. 23-39

Author(s):

Mohd Farriz Basar ◽

Nurul Ashikin M Rais ◽

Azhan Ab Rahman ◽

Wan Azani Mustafa ◽

Kamaruzzaman Sopian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Nozzle Exit ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

High Water ◽

Angular Speed ◽

Low Flow ◽

Substantial Impact ◽

Static Water ◽

Water Turbine ◽

Low Head

The purpose of this research is to investigate the dominant parameters that influence the optimum performance of reaction typed turbine at very low water head. The concepts of conservation of mass, momentum and energy are utilised to explore performance characteristics using a graphical technique. Parametric analysis of the governing equation and experimental results were performed to show that the turbine diameter and nozzle exit area has a dynamic response to mass flow rate, angular speed, output power and efficiency. Depending on the nozzle diameter of (0.01 m, 0.006 m, and 0.008 m) and turbine pipe size with (diameter of 0.025 m and 0.015 m), six versions of prototype turbine Z-blade turbine were produced. All the turbines have been tested at 100 kPa static water pressures and below. According to a variety of experimental data for all types of turbines, the turbine diameter and nozzle exit area have a substantial impact on turbine performance, especially at high water heads. Despite differences in turbine length and nozzle exit area, more than 90 % of the pattern curves for rotational speed, water flow rate, and mechanical power were identical. Overall, the Z-blade turbine Type B outperforms, resulting in higher turbine efficiency at low head and low flow water condition.

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201 Impact of Water Flow Rate on Finishing Pig Performance

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skab054.112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 68-69

Author(s):

Hannah E Miller ◽

Jorge Y Perez-Palencia ◽

Crystal L Levesque ◽

Robert C Thaler

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Low Flow ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Finishing Pig ◽

Daily Water ◽

Pig Performance ◽

High Treatment

Abstract A survey of South Dakota pork producers in 2019 demonstrated that water flow rate for nipple drinkers was highly variable among barns. Sixty-eight percent had water flow rates above the recommended rate of 500–1,000 mL/min (NSNG, 2010). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of water flow rate on finishing pig performance during the summer months. A total of 396 mixed-sex pigs, in two groups, were utilized in a 77-day trial (34.55 to103.8 kg BW) with 6 pigs/pen. Pens were assigned to one of three water flow rates (high, medium, low) based on the 3-hole diameters of the commercial water nipples used in the facility (2.0, 1.0, 0.80 mm; n = 22 pens/treatment). Daily water usage was recorded for each treatment along with room temperature, outside temperature, and relative humidity. Individual pen water flow rate was recorded every two weeks. At every diet phase change (26± 2.6 days), feed disappearance and individual pig body weight were recorded. Water flow rates averaged 1846±188, 906±214, 508±100 mL/min for high, medium, and low flow rates, respectively. Daily water disappearance for high, medium, and low treatments were 6.8, 2.3, 1.7±3.2 liters/pig, respectively. Final body weight (BW; 103.8±7.4 kg) did not differ. Daily gain (ADG) from 34.5±4.5 to 55.5±4.6 kg BW was greatest (P < 0.05) for high treatment. Daily intake (ADFI) and gain:feed (G:F) from 55.5±4.6 to 79.1±5.3 kg BW were greatest (P < 0.05) for high treatment. Cumulative ADFI was 2.27, 2.18, 2.16±0.16 kg (P < 0.05) in high, medium, and low flow ranges, respectively. There was no differences in cumulative ADG or G:F. Water flow rate had a significant impact on ADFI although there was minimal impact on gain and G:F. Water nipples should be regularly checked as part of normal barn maintenance to ensure adequate, but not excessive, water is available.

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CFD Analysis on the Flat Runner Blades of Propeller’s Turbine under Low Head and Low Flow Condition

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.437 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 699 ◽

pp. 437-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Masjuri Musa Othman ◽

Juhari Ab Razak ◽

Mohd Farriz Bashar ◽

Nor Salim Muhammad ◽

Kamaruzzaman Sopian

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Fluid Dynamic ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Low Flow ◽

Rate Condition ◽

Low Head ◽

Do It Yourself ◽

Flat Profile ◽

User Friendly

Hydropower is one of the most widely source to produce electricity for domestic houses as well as for industries around the world. However, for those off-grid settlements the pico-hydro scheme is more suitable due to its cost-effectiveness (less maintenance), clean, user-friendly and do not involved with huge construction works. Even the installation of this type of hydropower scheme is very simple as do it yourself (DIY) concept. One of the most popular pico-hydro turbines which have been implemented widely in rural areas until nowadays is propeller type or also known as axial turbine. Propeller turbine is selected because it is suitable to operate under low head with high flow rate condition. However, in this particular case, low head with low flow rate of water are the two main parameters which need to be considered. This is because during dry or drought season the water level of the rivers will become low and fluctuated, and this scenario affected the performance of the propeller turbine itself. In order to overcome this problem, the runner blades of the propeller turbine need to be redesigned to suit with this nature behavior. Therefore, in this study the runner blades with flat profile with few different angles and number of blades will be applied under 2 meters head. On the other hand, since the low flow is another parameter which needs to be focused therefore the value of the water flow rate has been set to 13 l/s. Analysis tools such as Computer Fluid Dynamic (CFD) is applied in this study in order to determine the most optimum results based from few selected parameters which has been mentioned. From the CFD’s final result, 3 blades with angle 300 was the best combination among the parameters involved.

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A Novel Z-blade Reaction Type Turbine for Low Head Low Flow Water Condition

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.c8175.019320 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 1370-1374

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Low Flow ◽

Practical Case ◽

Hydro Power ◽

Small Stream ◽

Reaction Type ◽

Water Condition ◽

Low Head

This paper discusses the performance characteristics on efficiency and applicability of the test unit under low-head and low-flow condition for a novel Z-blade reaction type hydraulic turbine. Unlike large hydro power system, this technology’s superiority lies in the fact that it can harness electrical energy even from a small stream of water as energy sources and it does not poses any adverse environmental impact. This turbine was developed for an ideal and practical case which investigated applying the principal equations that were derived using the philosophies of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Assuming frictional losses factor or k-factor for different operating head, the relationship between rotor diameter, angular speed, flow rate, and power output was plotted and elaborated with allusion to the experimental data. Experiments were carried out at 5m head and below with the water flow rate less than 2.5L/sec, and it was evaluated against theoretical results. The turbine has a capability to achieve high values of rotational speed (up to 500 rpm) with minimal mass flow rate and high efficiency (up to 78%) at low head water condition (5m).

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Displacement of Fluometuron and Diuron through Saturated Glass Beads and Soil

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500047998 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 16 (4) ◽

pp. 544-548 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. M. Davidson ◽

P. W. Santelmann

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Glass Bead ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Chloride Ion ◽

Glass Beads ◽

Low Flow ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Loam Soil

Solutions containing 3-(m-trifluromethylphenyl)-l,l-di-methylurea (fluometuron) or 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron) were displaced through saturated 250-μ glass beads or through Norge loam soil at two water flow rates. The procedure used allowed uniform application of herbicide solutions to the soil surface and subsequent displacement of the herbicide through soil or glass bead columns at a constant water flow rate. Fluometuron was as mobile as the chloride ion at both high and low flow rates. The shape of the fluometuron distribution curves obtained at the two flow rates were distinctly different. The volume of water required to displace fluometuron through a material that adsorbed the herbicide was greater than that necessary to displace the fluometuron through materials giving a smaller amount of adsorption. More diuron was adsorbed by the glass bead system than fluometuron.

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Effect of Water Flow on Underwater Wet Welded A36 Steel

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11050682 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 682

Author(s):

Eko Surojo ◽

Aziz Harya Gumilang ◽

Triyono Triyono ◽

Aditya Rio Prabowo ◽

Eko Prasetya Budiana ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽

Shielded Metal Arc Welding ◽

Effect Of Water ◽

Bending Effect ◽

Metal Arc Welding ◽

A36 Steel

Underwater wet welding (UWW) combined with the shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) method has proven to be an effective way of permanently joining metals that can be performed in water. This research was conducted to determine the effect of water flow rate on the physical and mechanical properties (tensile, hardness, toughness, and bending effect) of underwater welded bead on A36 steel plate. The control variables used were a welding speed of 4 mm/s, a current of 120 A, electrode E7018 with a diameter of 4 mm, and freshwater. The results show that variations in water flow affected defects, microstructure, and mechanical properties of underwater welds. These defects include spatter, porosity, and undercut, which occur in all underwater welding results. The presence of flow and an increased flow rate causes differences in the microstructure, increased porosity on the weld metal, and undercut on the UWW specimen. An increase in water flow rate causes the acicular ferrite microstructure to appear greater, and the heat-affected zone (HAZ) will form finer grains. The best mechanical properties are achieved by welding with the highest flow rate, with a tensile strength of 534.1 MPa, 3.6% elongation, a Vickers microhardness in the HAZ area of 424 HV, and an impact strength of 1.47 J/mm2.

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Experimental Characterization of a Modified Airlift Pump

Volume 7: Fluids Engineering Systems and Technologies ◽

10.1115/imece2014-39899 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Afshin Goharzadeh ◽

Keegan Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Water Flow ◽

Flow Rate ◽

High Speed ◽

Water Flow Rate ◽

High Speed Photography ◽

Two Phase ◽

Inner Diameter ◽

Airlift Pump ◽

Flow Map ◽

Churn Flow

This paper presents an experimental investigation on a modified airlift pump. Experiments were undertaken as a function of air-water flow rate for two submergence ratios (ε=0.58 and 0.74), and two different riser geometries (i) straight pipe with a constant inner diameter of 19 mm and (ii) enlarged pipe with a sudden expanded diameter of 19 to 32 mm. These transparent vertical pipes, of 1 m length, were submerged in a transparent rectangular tank (0.45×0.45×1.1 m3). The compressed air was injected into the vertical pipe to lift the water from the reservoir. The flow map regime is established for both configurations and compared with previous studies. The two phase air-water flow structure at the expansion region is experimentally characterized. Pipeline geometry is found to have a significant influence on the output water flow rate. Using high speed photography and electrical conductivity probes, new flow regimes, such as “slug to churn” and “annular to churn” flow, are observed and their influence on the output water flow rate and efficiency are discussed. These experimental results provide fundamental insights into the physics of modified airlift pump.

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