scholarly journals Zakon vrijednosti i oblici njegova djelovanja u socijalističkoj samoupravnoj robnoj proizvodnji

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Jurić
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Expression ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Specific Cost ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Law ◽  
Classic Form ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Simple Production

Price law is the theoretical expression of the relation between the value of the product and the quantity of labour. This relation is one of the basic law of goods production. In different types of production the principle is manifested in different forms. In the simple production of goods prices tend to conform to the value of the goods. In the classic form of capitalism the principle operates through the law of average profit. The transfer of capital to different branches of economy ultimately results in a price which comprises the cost of production and average profit. At the monopoly stage prices comprise the cost of production, average profit, and the extra profit As regards the socialist self-governing goods production such as exists in Yugoslavia, different opinions are current concerning the forms of operation of this principle. Two principal variants are prevalent: the principle of average income and the principle of specific cost of production.

scholarly journals KAJIAN EKONOMI PENUNDAAN BUKA SADAP SEBAGAI SOLUSI UNTUK MENGHADAPI HARGA KARET RENDAH

2017 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-82
Author(s):  
Dwi Shinta Agustina ◽  
Eva Herlinawati ◽  
Iman Satra Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Mature Tree ◽  
Price Changes ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Increase Productivity ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
Unfavorable Condition ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

Abstrak Agribisnis karet saat ini sedang mengalami kondisi yang kurang menguntungkan. Hal ini disebabkan oleh menurunnya harga karet beberapa tahun terakhir serta meningkatnya biaya produksi terutama biaya penyadapan. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan dan dapat menjadi suatu pemikiran adalah dengan melakukan penundaan buka sadap tanaman karet. Tulisan ini mengkaji penundaan buka sadap tanaman karet dengan dua pendekatan yaitu: penundaan buka sadap tanaman karet dengan merubah kriteria matang sadap pohon dari 45 cm menjadi 50 cm; dan penundaan buka sadap tanaman karet dengan merubah kriteria persentase matang sadap kebun. Analisis menggunakan data percobaan Lukman (1979; 1980), Samuel et al. (2012), Hendratno dan Amypalupy (2008), dan Nugraha et al. (2015). Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa penundaan buka sadap dengan merubah lilit batang dari 45 cm menjadi 50 cm dapat meningkatkan produktivitas per penyadap. Penundaan buka sadap hingga lilit batang mencapai 50 cm akan ekonomis dengan pemilihan klon yang memiliki produktivitas awal yang tinggi. Untuk  menunda buka sadap dari lilit batang 45 cm menjadi 50 cm diperlukan waktu 6-12 bulan tergantung kerapatan tanaman dan jenis klon. Kriteria matang sadap kebun yang berbeda sesuai jenis klon dan perubahan harga masih menguntungkan secara ekonomis. Perlu kajian yang lebih luas mengenai penundaan buka sadap. Kata kunci: karet, buka sadap, penundaan Abstract Currently, agribusiness of rubber is experiencing unfavorable condition. This is due to the declining of rubber price in the last few years as well as increasing of cost of production especially the cost of tapping. An effort that could be done was by delaying the opening of rubber. This paper examines the delay in opening of rubber with two approaches, i.e. delaying of rubber opening by changing the criteria of tree maturity for tapping  from 45 cm to 50 cm; and delaying of rubber opening by changing the criteria for the percentage of mature tree. Analysis was conducted using the data of Lukman (1979;1980), Samuel et al. (2012), Hendratno and Amypalupy (2008), and Nugraha et al. (2015). The results showed that the delay of opening by changing the girth of 45 cm to 50 cm could increase productivity per tapper. Delaying of opening until reaching the girth of 50 cm will be economical with the selection of clones that have high initial productivity. To delay opening from the girth of 45 cm to 50 cm took 6-12 months depending on the density of the plants and clones. Criteria of field tapping maturity to suit different types of clones and price changes are still economically viable. A broader study on the delaying of rubber opening was needed. Keywords: rubber, opening, delaying

Rational or Confused Polluters? Evidence from Hazardous Waste Compliance

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah L Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Hazardous Waste ◽  
Environmental Compliance ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Mixed Support ◽  
Compliance Behavior ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Cost

AbstractAlthough most models of environmental compliance are based on a variation of the rational polluter model, regulated entities may not always intentionally decide to violate based on the relative costs and benefits of doing so. According to the complexity critique, a significant amount of noncompliance may be the result of ignorance about the requirements of the law. Using hazardous waste regulations as a case study, this paper examines the role that rationality and complexity play in environmental compliance. The results suggest that both are necessary to explain hazardous waste compliance behavior. In support of the rational polluter model, the results show that factors which increase the cost of compliance also increase the likelihood of a violation while factors that increase the likelihood of inspections and detection decrease the probability of a violation. In support of the complexity critique, the results show that larger facilities and facilities of multi-plant companies are less likely to violate, while facilities that are subject to more complex regulations are more likely to violate. Also in support of the complexity critique, facilities learn from past inspections and facilities in states with programs directed toward reducing complexity are less likely to violate. This mixed support holds across various subgroup of facilities, although there does appear to be some difference in the factors that contribute to different types of violations. In particular, non-management violations appear to be driven less by a rational comparison of the costs and benefits of violations than by the complexity of regulations.

IMPLEMENTASI JOB ORDER COSTING METHOD DALAM PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI MAP

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 43-55
Author(s):  
Ika Yulianti ◽  
Endah Masrunik ◽  
Anam Miftakhul Huda ◽  
Diana Elvianita
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Production Cost ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Cost Data ◽  
Method Calculation ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

This study aims to find a comparison of the calculation of the cost of goods manufactured in the CV. Mitra Setia Blitar uses the company's method and uses the Job Order Costing (JOC) method. The method used in this study is quantitative. The types of data used are quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative data is in the form of map production cost data while qualitative data is in the form of information about map production process. The result of calculating the cost of production of the map between the two methods results in a difference of Rp. 306. Calculation using the company method is more expensive than using the Job Order Costing method. Calculation of cost of goods manufactured using the company method is Rp. 2,205,000, - or Rp. 2,205, - each unit. While using the Job Order Costing (JOC) method is Rp. 1,899,000, - or Rp 1,899, - each unit. So that the right method used in calculating the cost of production is the Job Order Costing (JOC) method

FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENDAPATAN USAHATANI KACANG TANAH DI KECAMATAN SEMAU KABUPATEN KUPANG

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-33
Author(s):  
Deni K.L. Mudin ◽  
Paulus Un ◽  
Lika Bernadina
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Land Area ◽  
Average Income ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Total Average

ABSTRACT Peanuts are one of the high economic value commodities in the dry land area. This commodity also contributes to the social life of the dry land area. This research has been conducted in Semau Sub-district, Kupang Regency, with the aim to determine the amount of income, break event point (BEP), R / C ratio, efficiency of capital use and factors that affect the income of peanuts farming, with the number of farmer respondents as many as 92 people , simple randomly selected. Data that has been collected by survey, library and interview methods; analyzed quantitatively-descriptive using regression methods. The results showed that the total average income of peanut farming in the study location was IDR 1,739,895 with a total average income of IDR 3,498,261 and a total average cost of IDR 1,758,366. While the break event point average of production is 147 Kg and the break event point price is IDR. 6.509, while for the total average the R / C ratio is 1.99. With factors that affect income are production (X1), seed costs (X2), and labor costs (X3). From the regression results with the Cobb-Douglass function the coefficient of determination (R2) is 0.822 with the meaning that variations in independent variables such as production, seed costs and labor costs explain the dependent variable namely income (Y) of 82.20% and the rest 17.80 % is explained by variables outside of the variables analyzed. From the results of the F test (diversity test) it was found that the factors X1, X2, and X3 had a significant effect on income at ⍺ 1%, then accept H1 at least one of: βi ≠ 0. Whereas the results of the t test (partial test) obtained that factors significant effect on income, namely production (X1) and labor costs (X2), while the cost of seeds (X3) does not significantly affect income.

AGRICULTURAL PERIODICALS OF RUSSIA IN THE EARLY XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Soil Science ◽  
Agriculture Soil ◽  
Agricultural Knowledge ◽  
Horse Breeding ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fruit Growing ◽  
Advanced Knowledge ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Upper Volga Region

The article deals with the distribution of agricultural periodicals on the territory of the Russian Em-pire in the early twentieth century. Before that there were practically no publications on the pages of sci-entific magazines. Great emphasis is placed on the analysis of agricultural magazines published before 1917 in the Upper Volga region, namely in Vladimir, Kostroma, Tver and Yaroslavl provinces. Thanks to existed in pre-revolutionary Russian periodicals on agricultural subjects advanced knowledge of agron-omy, agriculture, soil science, horticulture, fruit growing, vegetable growing, winemaking, viticulture, 135 tobacco growing, livestock, poultry, bee-keeping, veterinary medicine, forestry, and hunting, land man-agement, irrigation, horse breeding were promoted. On the basis of statistical data, office documentation and other published sources, the author draws conclusions about the degree of accessibility of agricul-tural periodicals for the population, including the peasantry. Availability of agricultural periodicals largely depended on its price, so the author studied the situation with the cost of the annual subscription fee of these publications. The article investigates the issues of periodicity of agricultural magazines and newspapers, the exact number of such publications, as well as their subject matter. Existence duration of different types of periodicals is analyzed, the main publishers of magazines and newspapers, places of their publication are revealed. A prominent place is given to the publishing activities of agricultural pub-lic organizations and zemstvo self-government bodies. It is concluded that natural process of agricultural knowledge distribution among the population of Russia through publications on the pages of periodicals was disrupted by revolutionary events of 1917.

ANALISIS PERHITUNGAN HARGA POKOK PRODUKSI DAN PENENTUAN HARGA JUAL ATAS PRODUK (Studi Kasus Pada PT Dasa Windu Agung)

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
Dwi Urip Wardoyo
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Manufacturing Companies ◽  
Test Analysis ◽  
Automotive Components ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Keywords Cost

This study aims to determine the determination of the cost of production for products produced by PT. DWA. The Company is engaged in the manufacturing industry specialized in automotive components. Its activity is carried out through a series of production processes, so that expenses spent in the production will be calculated into the cost of the production sold. The population in this study were all manufacturing companies in Jakarta. Convenience sampling method selected one of the companies that get the confidence to assemble three national car project in Indonesia, namely Timor, Bakrie and Maleo. Test analysis used in this study is to test the calculation of full costing with job order costing. This study shows that (a) determination of the cost elements associated with the cost of production and (b) determining the cost of production on a product-based job costing with full costing approach. Keywords: cost of production, full costing

Protecting the Desperate: The Regulation of Payday Lending

2015 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-176
Author(s):  
Andrew J Serpell
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Credit ◽  
Law Reform ◽  
Payday Lending ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Payday Loans ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Credit Contracts ◽  
The Cost

Payday loans are small-amount, short-term, unsecured, high-cost credit contracts provided by non-mainstream credit providers. Payday loans are usually taken out to help the consumer pay for essential items, such as food, rent, electricity, petrol, broken-down appliances or car registration or repairs. These consumers take out payday loans because they cannot — or believe that they cannot — obtain a loan from a mainstream credit provider such as a bank. In recent years there has been a protracted debate in Australia — and in several overseas jurisdictions — about how to regulate the industry. Recent amendments to the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2009 (Cth) — referred to in this article as the 2013 reforms — are designed to better protect payday loan consumers. While the 2013 reforms provide substantially improved protection for payday loan consumers, further changes to the law may be warranted. This article raises several law reform issues which should be considered as part of the 2015 review into small amount credit contracts, including whether the caps on the cost of credit are set at the right level, whether the required content and presentation of the consumer warnings needs to be altered, whether more needs to be done to protect consumers who are particularly disadvantaged or vulnerable and whether a general anti-avoidance provision should be included in the credit legislation.

The foundations of literary rhetoric

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Reception Theory ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Literary Interpretation ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The Law

Chapter 7 deals with one of the most traditional aspects of rhetoric, namely literature. It describes a basic law of literary rhetoric which accounts for the increasing problematicity of literary language in novels, poetry, and drama. This chapter also explains the evolution of literary criticism. The fact that literature is less and less linear in its narratives, and is increasingly enigmatic (Joyce or Kafka) is accounted for by the law of auto-contextualization of the problematic in the fictional answers. This law encourages the reader to provide the meaning of the text, even when it is considered as impossible or equivocal and pluralistic. The four main schools of literary interpretation correspond to our four basic operators of rhetoric: Mimetic for =, Hermeneutics for ±, Reception Theory for + (the reader is the “plus” of the interpretation of the text), and Deconstruction for –.

scholarly journals Game-Theoretic Decision Support for Cyber Forensic Investigations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5300
Author(s):  
Antonia Nisioti ◽  
George Loukas ◽  
Stefan Rass ◽  
Emmanouil Panaousis
Keyword(s):  
Cyber Security ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Bayesian Games ◽  
Bayesian Game ◽  
Cyber Forensics ◽  
Detection And Attribution ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Game Theoretic ◽  
The Cost

The use of anti-forensic techniques is a very common practice that stealthy adversaries may deploy to minimise their traces and make the investigation of an incident harder by evading detection and attribution. In this paper, we study the interaction between a cyber forensic Investigator and a strategic Attacker using a game-theoretic framework. This is based on a Bayesian game of incomplete information played on a multi-host cyber forensics investigation graph of actions traversed by both players. The edges of the graph represent players’ actions across different hosts in a network. In alignment with the concept of Bayesian games, we define two Attacker types to represent their ability of deploying anti-forensic techniques to conceal their activities. In this way, our model allows the Investigator to identify the optimal investigating policy taking into consideration the cost and impact of the available actions, while coping with the uncertainty of the Attacker’s type and strategic decisions. To evaluate our model, we construct a realistic case study based on threat reports and data extracted from the MITRE ATT&CK STIX repository, Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS), and interviews with cyber-security practitioners. We use the case study to compare the performance of the proposed method against two other investigative methods and three different types of Attackers.

The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Simon N.M. Young
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
National Security ◽  
Chief Executive ◽  
People’S Republic Of China ◽  
Special Administrative Region ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Administrative Region ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The Law

The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (NSL) was passed on June 30, 2020 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC). It did not have immediate direct effect in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). After consulting the Committee for the Basic Law of the HKSAR (BLC) and the Government of the HKSAR (HKSARG), the NPCSC added the NSL to Annex III of The Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (Basic Law) before the Chief Executive of the HKSAR (Chief Executive) promulgated the NSL for local application. All this happened on June 30, enabling the NSL to enter into force at 11 p.m., just ahead of the twenty-third anniversary of the establishment of the HKSAR on July 1, 2020.

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