scholarly journals Application of the Hargreaves method for calculating the potential evapotranspiration in the hydrological modelling

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-92
Author(s):  
Maja Koprivšek ◽  
Anja Vihar ◽  
Sašo Petan
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Good Method ◽  
High Water ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Hydrological Forecasting ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Environment Agency

To improve the results of the Slovenian Environment Agency’s hydrological forecasting system, especially in the river basins with lower specific runoff (Pomurje) and during high water events following a long dry period, we decided to find a good method for calculating daily values of the potential evapotranspiration (PET). We were deciding between several temperature-based methods for the daily reference evapotranspiration (ET0) values calculation. For selected meteorological stations we calculated ET0 using three different methods and then compared them to the ET0 values calculated using the much more complex Penman-Monteith method. Among the tested temperature methods the results given by the Hargreaves method fitted best to the results of the Penman-Monteith method. The reason for this may lie in the fact that the Hargreaves method, besides the mean daily air temperature as other temperature-based methods, considers the daily temperature range as well. Afterwards, considering the ground cover factor, we calculated the PET values from the ET0 values and then applied them in the hydrological modelling. The model setups for the Sava, Soča, and Mura Rivers were reanalysed twice, considering firstly the climatologic monthly PET values that were already used in the hydrological forecasting system of the Slovenian Environment Agency for many years, and, secondly the daily PET values calculated according to the Hargreaves method and using hourly air temperature 2 m above the ground, originating from the short-term weather forecasting model ALADIN or the INCA/AT meteorological system. At all selected calculation points, the model setups using daily PET values showed better performance over the model setups using climatological monthly values.

Catastrophic Effects of Floods on Environment and Health: Evidence from Pakistan

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Falak Shad Memon ◽  
M. Yousuf Sharjeel
Keyword(s):  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Human Life ◽  
National Level ◽  
Operational Cost ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Environment And Health ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Multiple Levels

<span>Torrential rains and floods have been causing irreplaceable losses to both human lives and environment in <span>Pakistan. This loss has reached to an extent of assively aggrieved situation to reinstate life at <span>operationally viable position. This paper unfolds the notion that only constructive paradigm shift to <span>overcome this phenomenon is vital as a strategy. Multiple levels of observations and on-site assessment <span>of various calamity-prone venues were considered to probe into this scenario. Some of the grave site in <span>Sindh and Punjab were observed and necessarily practicable measures were recommended to avoid loss to <span>human health and environment. The paper finds that a consistent drastic management authority on <span>national level with appropriate caliber and forecasting expertise can reduce the damage to human life and <span>environment to great extent. Weather forecasting system need to be installed at many appropriately <span>observed cities and towns in the country with adequate man power, funds and technical recourses. By <span>implementing the proper frame work of prevention and mitigation of floods country can save the major <span>costs cleanup and recovery. These measures are expected to reduce operational cost of state in terms of <span>GDP and GNP to restore life and environment.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span>

scholarly journals Improvements in medium range weather forecasting system of India

2014 ◽  
Vol 123 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
V S PRASAD ◽  
SAJI MOHANDAS ◽  
SURYA KANTI DUTTA ◽  
M DAS GUPTA ◽  
G R IYENGAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Medium Range ◽  
Forecasting System

Hydro-meteorological data preparation for ecosystem hydrological modelling in the riparian forest of Hidegvíz Valley experimental catchment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csenge Nevezi ◽  
Tamás Bazsó ◽  
Zoltán Gribovszki ◽  
Előd Szőke ◽  
Péter Kalicz
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Riparian Forest ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Rain Gauge ◽  
Hydrological Modelling ◽  
Data Preparation ◽  
Air Humidity ◽  
Groundwater Levels

&lt;p&gt;In the Hidegv&amp;#237;z Valley experimental catchment in Hungary the meteorological data have been collected since the 1990s and used for various purposes including hydrological studies. Current research began in 2018&amp;#8211;19, that aimed to reveal the connections between the hydrological and botanical characteristics in riparian forests and a wet meadow. Changes that occurred in both ecosystems in the groundwater levels, soil moisture and vegetation, showed that the local meteorological events influence these factors. Therefore we decided to analyse longer periods in which meteorological extremes&lt;br&gt;strongly influenced hydrological conditions and so status of ecosystems. Further measurements and their analysis were also required because more accuracy and detail were needed for future water balance modelling.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The measured data between 2017&amp;#8211;2020 were chosen as a starting database. For the first analysis we selected three meteorological parameters, i. e. the precipitation, the air temperature, and the air humidity. These parameters were measured by automated instruments, except for the precipitation. We found that the automated tipping-bucket rain gauge needs validation by a manual measurement (Hellmann-type rain gauge), because the data that collected by the automated device will be invalid if the rain intensity is too high.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In 2017 and 2018, the annual precipitation was distributed evenly, but in the following two years we observed some extremes. In 2019 and&lt;br&gt;2020, the spring was especially dry, the lowest monthly sum was 1.2 mm in 2020 April. 2019 April was similar (19.5 mm), but after the drought&lt;br&gt;period intense rainfall events arrived in May, resulted a monthly total of 214.1 mm. Air temperature and air humidity has not been showed such extremes as the precipitation.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study showed that detailed analysis of meteorological parameters is crucial for hydrological modelling data preparation because errors and extreme event can cause serious problems during modelling process and, also in case of evaluation of model results.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The research has been supported by the Ministry of Agriculture in Hungary.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Weather forecast in north-western Greece: RISKMED warnings and verification of MM5 model

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bartzokas ◽  
V. Kotroni ◽  
K. Lagouvardos ◽  
C. J. Lolis ◽  
A. Gkikas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Precipitation Amount ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Weather Forecast ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Meteorological Model ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
North Western ◽  
Western Greece

Abstract. The meteorological model MM5 is applied operationally for the area of north-western Greece for one-year period (1 June 2007–31 May 2008). The model output is used for daily weather forecasting over the area. An early warning system is developed, by dividing the study area in 16 sub-regions and defining specific thresholds for issuing alerts for adverse weather phenomena. The verification of the model is carried out by comparing the model results with observations from three automatic meteorological stations. For air temperature and wind speed, correlation coefficients and biases are calculated, revealing that there is a significant overestimation of the early morning air temperature. For precipitation amount, yes/no contingency tables are constructed for 4 specific thresholds and some categorical statistics are applied, showing that the prediction of precipitation in the area under study is generally satisfactory. Finally, the thunderstorm warnings issued by the system are verified against the observed lightning activity.

Urban Finescale Forecasting Reveals Weather Conditions with Unprecedented Detail

2017 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 2675-2688 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Ronda ◽  
G. J. Steeneveld ◽  
B. G. Heusinkveld ◽  
J. J. Attema ◽  
A. A. M. Holtslag
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Urban Weather ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Abstract Urban landscapes impact the lives of urban dwellers by influencing local weather conditions. However, weather forecasting down to the street and neighborhood scale has been beyond the capabilities of numerical weather prediction (NWP) despite the fact that observational systems are now able to monitor urban climate at these scales. In this study, weather forecasts at intra-urban scales were achieved by exploiting recent advances in topographic element mapping and aerial photography as well as looking at detailed mappings of soil characteristics and urban morphological properties, which were subsequently incorporated into a specifically adapted Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. The urban weather forecasting system (UFS) was applied to the Amsterdam, Netherlands, metropolitan area during the summer of 2015, where it produced forecasts for the city down to the neighborhood level (a few hundred meters). Comparing these forecasts to the dense network of urban weather station observations within the Amsterdam metropolitan region showed that the forecasting system successfully determined the impact of urban morphological characteristics and urban spatial structure on local temperatures, including the cooling effect of large water bodies on local urban temperatures. The forecasting system has important practical applications for end users such as public health agencies, local governments, and energy companies. It appears that the forecasting system enables forecasts of events on a neighborhood level where human thermal comfort indices exceeded risk thresholds during warm weather episodes. These results prove that worldwide urban weather forecasting is within reach of NWP, provided that appropriate data and computing resources become available to ensure timely and efficient forecasts.

scholarly journals Comparative verification in complex topography

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Bhend ◽  
Jean-Christophe Orain ◽  
Vera Schönenberger ◽  
Christoph Spirig ◽  
Lionel Moret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Forecasting ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Probabilistic Forecasts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Direct Model ◽  
Forecasting System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Update Frequency ◽  
Core Activity

&lt;p&gt;Verification is a core activity in weather forecasting. Insights from verification are used for monitoring, for reporting, to support and motivate development of the forecasting system, and to allow users to maximize forecast value. Due to the broad range of applications for which verification provides valuable input, the range of questions one would like to answer can be very large. Static analyses and summary verification results are often insufficient to cover this broad range. To this end, we developed an interactive verification platform at MeteoSwiss that allows users to inspect verification results from a wide range of angles to find answers to their specific questions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;We present the technical setup to achieve a flexible yet performant interactive platform and two prototype applications: monitoring of direct model output from operational NWP systems and understanding of the capabilities and limitations of our pre-operational postprocessing. We present two innovations that illustrate the user-oriented approach to comparative verification adopted as part of the platform. To facilitate the comparison of a broad range of forecasts issued with varying update frequency, we rely on the concept of time of verification to collocate the most recent available forecasts at the time of day at which the forecasts are used. In addition, we offer a matrix selection to more flexibly select forecast sources and scores for comparison. Doing so, we can for example compare the mean absolute error (MAE) for deterministic forecasts to the MAE and continuous ranked probability scores of probabilistic forecasts to illustrate the benefit of using probabilistic forecasts.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Evapotranspiration of Indonesia Tropical Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 106-116
Author(s):  
Dyah Marganingrum ◽  
Heru Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Small Islands ◽  
Climate Variables ◽  
Temperature Variations ◽  
Heterogeneous Landscape ◽  
Tropical Area ◽  
Climate Patterns ◽  
Region Data ◽  
The Impact

Indonesia is an archipelago country with a tropical climate. The region of Indonesia is quite large and located between two continents (Asia and Australia) and between two oceans (Indian and Pacific), making the territory of Indonesia has a unique climate pattern. One of the climate variables that quite important to be studied in this chapter is evapotranspiration. The Thornthwaite method was used to estimate potential evapotranspiration based on average air temperature. The relationships between evapotranspiration, precipitation, and elevation were then examined. Besides, temperature variations that affect climate patterns between monsoonal and equatorial regions were compared, between the mainland and small islands, and between mountain and coastal area. The impact of global warming was also examined on the climate and potential evapotranspiration of the Indonesian region. Data analysis showed that evapotranspiration correlates weakly with precipitation, and the contrary, the evapotranspiration correlates strongly with elevation, with correlation indices of 0.02 and 0.89, respectively. The study confirmed that air temperature is the primary controlling variable of the evapotranspiration in this very heterogeneous landscape. Under a global temperature increase of 1.5 °C above the pre-industrialized year (1765), the evapotranspiration is expected to increase in a range from 4.8 to 11.1%. In general, the excess of water to restore soil moisture in the future tends to decrease, i.e., drier.

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