Heterogeneity of human luteinizing hormone. Discrimination between acidic and basic preparations

1989 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. van Ginkel ◽  
J. G. Loeber
Keyword(s):  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Charge Heterogeneity ◽  
Sialic Acid Content ◽  
Neuraminidase Treatment ◽  
Strong Shift ◽  
Acidic Component ◽  
The One ◽  
Α Subunits

Abstract. The charge heterogeneity of an LH preparation containing relatively acidic components (LH Type I) was studied. Four biological active components, with pI-values of 5.04, 5.60, 6.06 and 6.57 were detected. A total of four different α-subunits, with pI-values of 4.49, 4.79, 5.16 and 6.02 could be detected after incubation at 37°C. With the exception of the most acidic component all these α-subunits were also present in earlier studied LH Type II preparations. After neuraminidase treatment a strong shift to more basic components was observed, resulting in a population of components similar to the one detected in LH Type II preparations. The β-subunits detected were very different from those observed in Type II preparations. All six components detected had pI-values < 7.5. Upon incubation at 56°C these subunits appeared to be unstable resulting in a shift to more basic pI-values, these pI-values being very similar to those of β-subunits observed before in Type II preparations. After neuraminidase treatment, the pH values of the population of β-subunits became identical to those of the population in LH Type II. From these results it is concluded that the major charge difference between LH Type I and Type II is located in the β-subunits. This difference cannot be explained completely by differences in sialic acid content, but may also be due to heat labile charged groups such as sulphate.

Heterogeneity of human luteinizing hormone. Effect of neuraminidase treatment on biologically active hormone and α- and β-subunits

1987 ◽  
Vol 114 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. van Ginkel ◽  
J. G. Loeber
Keyword(s):  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Sucrose Density Gradient ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Charge Heterogeneity ◽  
Sialic Acid Content ◽  
Neuraminidase Treatment ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Isoelectric Focussing

Abstract. By preparative isoelectric focussing of a highly purified LH preparation in a sucrose density gradient, four biologically active LH components were isolated. The effect of neuraminidase treatment of each component on the charge heterogeneity was studied by isoelectric focussing followed by in vitro biological and immunochemical techniques. The number of biologically active components with pI-values > 7 containing varying amounts of sialic acid is at least six. The pI-value of the most basic (= asialo) LH component was 9.26. The two most basic components were not present in our preparation (NM 14) before neuraminidase treatment. It is concluded that the difference between the pI-values of LH components is caused by a difference in sialic acid content. When an intact LH component was incubated with neuraminidase there was detectable dissociation owing to the elevated temperature (37°C) and necessary acidic conditions of the incubation. Under these conditions we found the same subunits as we have described before. The most basic α-subunit had a pI-value of 9.29, whereas two β-subunits with pI > 9 were observed at pI 9.26 and pI 9.9. On the other hand, when an LH component was forced to dissociate by incubation at 56°C prior to neuraminidase digestion, two additional α-subunits were found. From this it is concluded that in the intact LH molecule, some sialic acid residues are poorer substrates for neuraminidase action than in the free subunits.

scholarly journals Photoreactive UV-Crosslinkable Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives (PSA) Containing Multifunctional Photoinitiators

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4413
Author(s):  
Marcin Bartkowiak ◽  
Zbigniew Czech ◽  
Hyun-Joong Kim ◽  
Gyu-Seong Shim ◽  
Małgorzata Nowak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Ultraviolet Radiation ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Pressure Sensitive Adhesives ◽  
Crosslinking Process ◽  
Pressure Sensitive ◽  
Peel Adhesion ◽  
The One ◽  
Uv Technology

The use of ultraviolet radiation (UV) technology for the crosslinking of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) is the one of various crosslinking methods, being the alternative to the conventional crosslinking process of solvent-based acrylic systems. It also requires a photoinitiator to absorb the impinging UV and induce photocrosslinking. As previously mentioned, a photoinitiator is one of the important and necessary components in UV-inducted crosslinking of acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesives. The activity of multifunctional conventional saturated photoinitiators of type I and type II, especially benzophenone-based in the photoreactive UV-crosslinkable acrylic PSA was described. The effect of the multifunctional type-II photoinitiators on the acrylic PSA, such as tack, peel adhesion and shear strength were summarized.

Functional Analysis of Whole Cell Currents From Hair Cells of the Turtle Posterior Crista

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 3279-3292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay M. Goldberg ◽  
Alan M. Brichta
Keyword(s):  
Hair Cells ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii Cells ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Steady Current ◽  
Slow Type ◽  
Sinusoidal Currents

Controlled currents were used to study possible functions of voltage-sensitive, outwardly rectifying conductances. Results were interpreted with linearized Hodgkin-Huxley theory. Because of their more hyperpolarized resting potentials and lower impedances, type I hair cells require larger currents to be depolarized to a given voltage than do type II hair cells. “Fast” type II cells, so-called because of the fast activation of their outward currents, show slightly underdamped responses to current steps with resonant (best) frequencies of 40–85 Hz, well above the bandwidth of natural head movements. Reflecting their slower activation kinetics, type I and “slow” type II cells have best frequencies of 15–30 Hz and are poorly tuned, being critically damped or overdamped. Linearized theory identified the factors responsible for tuning quality. Our fast type II hair cells show only modestly underdamped responses because their steady-state I-V curves are not particularly steep. The even poorer tuning of our type I and slow type II cells can be attributed to their slow activation kinetics and large conductances. To study how ionic currents shape response dynamics, we superimposed sinusoidal currents of 0.1–100 Hz on a small depolarizing steady current intended to simulate resting conditions in vivo. The steady current resulted in a slow inactivation, most pronounced in fast type II cells and least pronounced in type I cells. Because of inactivation, fast type II cells have nearly passive response dynamics with low-frequency gains of 500–1,000 MΩ. In contrast, type I and slow type II cells show active components in the vestibular bandwidth and low-frequency gains of 20–100 and 100–500 MΩ, respectively. As there are no differences in the responses to sinusoidal currents for fast type II cells from the torus and planum, voltage-sensitive currents are unlikely to be responsible for the large differences in gains and response dynamics of afferents innervating these two regions of the peripheral zone. The low impedances and active components of type I cells may be related to the low gains and modestly phasic response dynamics of calyx-bearing afferents.

Correction of the Student T Statistic for Nonindependence of Sample Observations

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 1011-1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald W. Zimmerman ◽  
Richard H. Williams ◽  
Bruno D. Zumbo
Keyword(s):  
Unbiased Estimate ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Population Variance ◽  
Type I Errors ◽  
Computer Simulation Study ◽  
The One ◽  
Type Ii Errors ◽  
Independent Identically Distributed

A computer-simulation study examined the one-sample Student t test under violation of the assumption of independent sample observations. The probability of Type I errors increased, and the probability of Type II errors decreased, spuriously elevating the entire power function. The magnitude of the change depended on the correlation between pairs of sample values as well as the number of sample values that were pairwise correlated. A modified t statistic, derived from an unbiased estimate of the population variance that assumed only exchangeable random variables instead of independent, identically distributed random variables, effectively corrected for nonindependence for all degrees of correlation and restored the probability of Type I and Type II errors to their usual values.

DUALITY, CONFINEMENT AND SUPERSYMMETRY IN RESTRICTED QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS (RCD)

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (18n19) ◽  
pp. 3592-3604
Author(s):  
J. M. S. RANA
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Chromodynamics ◽  
Meissner Effect ◽  
Quantum Corrections ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Current Correlation ◽  
Vortex Solutions ◽  
The One ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Repulsive Forces

Electromagnetic duality has been utilized to study the isocolor charge-dyon interactions in Restricted Quantum Chromodynamics (RCD),in terms of current-current correlation (in magnetic gauge)using dielectric and permeability parameters of the associated vacuum. In the state of dyonic superconductivity, it has been shown that the dual propagators behave as 1/k4 (for small k2), which in analogy with superconductivity (dual superconductivity) leads to the confinement of colored fluxes associated with dyonic quarks vide generalized Meissner effect. Based on semi-quantitative analysis of vortex solutions of RCD and by calculating the masses for the massive collective modes of the condensed vacuum, the expressions for the London penetration depth, coherence length and the associated flux energy functions for the type I and type II superconducting media have been obtained. It has further been demonstrated that in the type I medium, vortices tend to coalesce and hence are attractive, while the energy function supports repulsive forces between vortices in the type II superconducting medium. The RCD has been supersymmetrized in N =1 limit and the supersymmetric dyonic solutions have been obtained. In the dyonic background gauge one-loop quantum corrections to the dyonic mass have been calculated and it has been shown that the one-loop quantum corrections lead no change in classical mass of the dyon.

scholarly journals A semantic typology of location, existence, possession and copular verbs: areal patterns of polysemy in Mainland East and Southeast Asia

Linguistics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilary Chappell ◽  
Shanshan Lü
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Iii ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Diachronic Change ◽  
East And Southeast Asia ◽  
The One ◽  
Semantic Typology

Abstract This study is based on a sample of 116 languages from the Mainland East and Southeast Asian linguistic area. Its first objective is to examine four distinct synchronic patterns of areal polysemy, created by the semantic domains of copular, locative, existential and possessive verbs and the constructions they form. As a consequence, its second objective is to model the diachronic change underlying four language types identified on this basis from the data. We argue that there are three grammaticalization pathways which motivate the four synchronic patterns: Type III languages are distinguished by the grammaticalization chain: (Postural verb) > (Dwell) > Locative > Existential > Possessive, while the other two types, Type II and Type IV, show an opposing pathway: (Grasp) > Possessive > Existential. Type I and Type II languages additionally reveal a recurrent polysemy between Locative and Copular verbs. On this basis, an implicational universal is adduced to the effect that no diachronic adjacency exists between locative and possessive constructions. Crucially, the intervening stage of an existential construction provides the necessary bridging context for possessive reanalysis in this first pathway, while possessive verbs are formally distinct from locatives in the second, bearing no diachronic relationship to them. The findings on the patterns of polysemy sharing reinforce the notion of a clear typological split between Tibeto-Burman languages on the one hand, and Sinitic, Kra–Dai, Hmong–Mien, and Austroasiatic on the other.

Subtype switching of ANP receptors during in vitro culture of vascular cells

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (1) ◽  
pp. H311-H314
Author(s):  
K. Uchida ◽  
T. Mizuno ◽  
M. Shimonaka ◽  
N. Sugiura ◽  
H. Hagiwara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Bovine Jugular Vein ◽  
The One ◽  
Anp Receptors ◽  
Lung Receptor

Vascular receptors for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) have been characterized immunochemically and found to be classified into two subtypes that show differential localization and expression. An antiserum, recognizing the protein core of the receptor, was raised against the purified bovine lung ANP receptor and used for the immunochemical subtyping. ANP receptors solubilized from the bovine jugular vein reacted strongly with the antiserum as well as the homologous lung receptor; however, the receptors from the aorta and carotid artery were recognized only weakly, indicating the presence of two types of ANP receptor in the vascular system. The one that reacts strongly with the antiserum and is distributed mainly in the venous side is termed type I and the other reacting weakly and predominating in the arteries, type II. The two subtypes were also distinguishable in their ligand specificities; the type I receptor showed a remarkably higher affinity for the ANP analogue atriopeptin I than the type II receptor. Surprisingly, similar immunochemical and biochemical analysis of the receptors on cultured vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells revealed that the arterial cells originally expressing the type II receptor begin to express the type I receptor when cultured in vitro.

scholarly journals Relationship between the Paradox of Enrichment and the Dynamics of Persistence and Extinction in Prey-Predator Systems

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 532
Author(s):  
Jawdat Alebraheem
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Paradox Of Enrichment ◽  
The One ◽  
Predator System

The paradox of the enrichment phenomenon, considered one of the main counterintuitive observations in ecology, likely destabilizes predator–prey dynamics by increasing the nutrition of the prey. We use two systems to study the occurrence of the paradox of enrichment: The prey–predator system and the one prey, two predators system, with Holling type I and type II functional and numerical responses. We introduce a new approach that involves the connection between the occurrence of the enrichment paradox and persistence and extinction dynamics. We apply two main analytical techniques to study the persistence and extinction dynamics of two and three trophics, respectively. The linearity and nonlinearity of functional and numerical responses plays important roles in the occurrence of the paradox of enrichment. We derive the persistence and extinction conditions through the carrying capacity parameter, and perform some numerical simulations to demonstrate the effects of the paradox of enrichment when increasing carrying capacity.

Corticosteroid receptors in cells derived from rat brain microvessels: mRNA identification and aldosterone binding

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (1) ◽  
pp. C156-C163 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Loffreda ◽  
P. Eldin ◽  
G. Auzou ◽  
C. Frelin ◽  
M. Claire
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Cell Clone ◽  
Rat Kidney ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Brain Microvessels ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptor Mrna ◽  
The One ◽  
20 Nm

B7 is a cell clone derived from rat brain microvessels. Expression of an amiloride-sensitive cationic channel has been recently established in these cells. In this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify definite segments of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in B7 cells. Aldosterone binding was also characterized. Two classes of sites were detected. Aldosterone exhibited a high affinity for type I sites [dissociation constant (Kd) approximately 0.3 nM] and a lower one for type II sites (Kd approximately 20 nM). RU 28362, a highly specific glucocorticoid agonist, did not compete for type I sites. RU 28362 and dexamethasone were better competitors for type II sites than aldosterone. The sedimentation coefficients of aldosterone type I and type II complexes were approximately 9S. These characteristics are close to the one exhibited by aldosterone type I and type II receptors in rat kidney and other target tissues. In intact B7 cells, aldosterone binding expressed as number of acceptor sites per cell was higher (approximately 41,000 for type II and 8,800 for type I) than in the soluble cellular extract (approximately 18,000 for type II and 1,000 for type I).

scholarly journals Strong first order electroweak phase transition in 2HDM confronting future Z & Higgs factories

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Su ◽  
Anthony G. Williams ◽  
Mengchao Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Higgs Sector ◽  
Higgs Doublet ◽  
New Physics ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Electroweak Phase Transition ◽  
First Order ◽  
The One ◽  
The Masses

Abstract The electroweak phase transition can be made first order by extending the Standard Model (SM) Higgs sector with extra scalars. The same new physics can explain the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe by supplying an extra source of CP violation and sphaleron processes. In this paper we study the existence of strong first order electroweak phase transition (SFOEWPT) in the type-I and type-II two Higgs doublet models (2HDM). We focus on how the SFOEWPT requirements constraint the spectrum of non-SM Higgs. Through the parameter space scan, we find that SFOEWPT suggests an upper limit on the masses of heavy Higgs $$ {m}_{A/H/{H}^{\pm }} $$ m A / H / H ± , which is around 1 TeV. High temperature expansion and Higgs vacuum uplifting is used for an analytical understanding of our results. After taking into account the probe ability on SFOEWPT from theoretical constraints, Higgs and Z-pole precision measurements up to the one-loop level at future Higgs & Z factories, sizeable loop corrections require $$ {m}_{A/{H}^{\pm }}-{m}_H $$ m A / H ± − m H ∈ (100, 250) GeV to meet SFOEWPT condition for Type-II 2HDM, and $$ \left|{m}_{A/{H}^{\pm }}-{m}_H\right| $$ m A / H ± − m H ∈ (100, 350) GeV or $$ \left|{m}_A-{m}_{H/{H}^{\pm }}\right| $$ m A − m H / H ± ∈ (100, 350) GeV for Type-I 2HDM.

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