GH signaling in human adipose and muscle tissue during ‘feast and famine’: amplification of exercise stimulation following fasting compared to glucose administration

ObjectiveFasting and exercise stimulates, whereas glucose suppresses GH secretion, but it is uncertain how these conditions impact GH signaling in peripheral tissues. To test the original ‘feast and famine hypothesis’ by Rabinowitz and Zierler, according to which the metabolic effects of GH are predominant during fasting, we specifically hypothesized that fasting and exercise act in synergy to increase STAT-5b target gene expression.Design and methodsEight healthy men were studied on two occasions in relation to a 1 h exercise bout: i) with a concomitant i.v. glucose infusion (‘feast’) and ii) after a 36 h fast (‘famine’). Muscle and fat biopsy specimens were obtained before, immediately after, and 30 min after exercise.ResultsGH increased during exercise on both examination days and this effect was amplified by fasting, and free fatty acid (FFA) levels increased after fasting. STAT-5b phosphorylation increased similarly following exercise on both occasions. In adipose tissue, suppressors of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and SOCS2 were increased after exercise on the fasting day and both fasting and exercise increased cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein (CISH). In muscle, SOCS2 and CISH mRNA were persistently increased after fasting. Muscle SOCS1, SOCS3, and CISH mRNA expression increased, whereas SOCS2 decreased after exercise on both examination days.ConclusionsThis study demonstrates that fasting and exercise act in tandem to amplify STAT-5b target gene expression (SOCS and CISH) in adipose and muscle tissue in accordance with the ‘feast and famine hypothesis’; the adipose tissue signaling responses, which hitherto have not been scrutinized, may play a particular role in promoting FFA mobilization.

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Osthole improves glucose and lipid metabolism via modulation of PPARα/γ-mediated target gene expression in liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in fatty liver rats

Pharmaceutical Biology ◽

10.3109/13880209.2015.1089295 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 54 (5) ◽

pp. 882-888 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Zhi-Gang Qi ◽

Xi Zhao ◽

Wen Zhong ◽

Mei-Lin Xie

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Lipid Metabolism ◽

Fatty Liver ◽

Target Gene ◽

Target Gene Expression ◽

Glucose And Lipid Metabolism

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The effects of chronic carbon monoxide treatment on diet-induced obesity and Rev-erb-alpha target gene expression in adipose tissue

Integrative Obesity and Diabetes ◽

10.15761/iod.1000152 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 245-249 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tim Brodsky ◽

Ryan McLoughlin ◽

Ben Sell ◽

Thomas H. Reynolds IV

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Carbon Monoxide ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Target Gene ◽

Target Gene Expression ◽

Diet Induced Obesity

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Dietary lipid during the transition period to manipulate subcutaneous adipose tissue peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-regulator and target gene expression

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2011-4230 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 94 (12) ◽

pp. 5913-5925 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

E. Schmitt ◽

M.A. Ballou ◽

M.N. Correa ◽

E.J. DePeters ◽

J.K. Drackley ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽

Target Gene ◽

Transition Period ◽

Dietary Lipid ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽

Target Gene Expression ◽

Subcutaneous Adipose

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Changes in vitamin D target gene expression in adipose tissue monitor the vitamin D response of human individuals

Molecular Nutrition & Food Research ◽

10.1002/mnfr.201400291 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 58 (10) ◽

pp. 2036-2045 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Jussi Ryynänen ◽

Antonio Neme ◽

Tomi-Pekka Tuomainen ◽

Jyrki K. Virtanen ◽

Sari Voutilainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Target Gene ◽

Target Gene Expression

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Enhancer RNA Expression in Response to Glucocorticoid Treatment in Murine Macrophages

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells11010028 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 28

Author(s):

Franziska Greulich ◽

Kirsten Adele Bielefeld ◽

Ronny Scheundel ◽

Aikaterini Mechtidou ◽

Benjamin Strickland ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Target Gene ◽

Metabolic Effects ◽

Cell Type ◽

Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽

Tissue Specific ◽

Murine Macrophages ◽

Target Gene Expression ◽

A Cell ◽

Cell Type Specific

Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs; however, their molecular mode of action remains complex and elusive. They bind to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), a nuclear receptor that controls gene expression in almost all tissues in a cell type-specific manner. While GR’s transcriptional targets mediate beneficial reactions in immune cells, they also harbor the potential of adverse metabolic effects in other cell types such as hepatocytes. Here, we have profiled nascent transcription upon glucocorticoid stimulation in LPS-activated primary murine macrophages using 4sU-seq. We compared our results to publicly available nascent transcriptomics data from murine liver and bioinformatically identified non-coding RNAs transcribed from intergenic GR binding sites in a tissue-specific fashion. These tissue-specific enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) correlate with target gene expression, reflecting cell type-specific glucocorticoid responses. We further associate GR-mediated eRNA expression with changes in H3K27 acetylation and BRD4 recruitment in inflammatory macrophages upon glucocorticoid treatment. In summary, we propose a common mechanism by which GR-bound enhancers regulate target gene expression by changes in histone acetylation, BRD4 recruitment and eRNA expression. We argue that local eRNAs are potential therapeutic targets downstream of GR signaling which may modulate glucocorticoid response in a cell type-specific way.

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2049-P: The Chd4 Helicase of the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase Complex Modulates Pdx1 Target Gene Expression In Vitro

Diabetes ◽

10.2337/db20-2049-p ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 69 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 2049-P

Author(s):

REBECCA K. DAVIDSON ◽

NOLAN CASEY ◽

JASON SPAETH

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Target Gene ◽

Nucleosome Remodeling ◽

Target Gene Expression

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Optimizations for identifying reference genes in bone and cartilage bioengineering

BMC Biotechnology ◽

10.1186/s12896-021-00685-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fei Xiong ◽

Xiangyun Cheng ◽

Chao Zhang ◽

Roland Manfred Klar ◽

Tao He

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Real Time ◽

Reference Gene ◽

Muscle Tissue ◽

Reference Genes ◽

Target Genes ◽

The Stability ◽

And Cartilage

Abstract Background Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) remains one of the best-established techniques to assess gene expression patterns. However, appropriate reference gene(s) selection remains a critical and challenging subject in which inappropriate reference gene selction can distort results leading to false interpretations. To date, mixed opinions still exist in how to choose the most optimal reference gene sets in accodrance to the Minimum Information for Publication of Quantitative Real-Time PCR Experiments (MIQE) guideline. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate which schemes were the most feasible for the identification of reference genes in a bone and cartilage bioengineering experimental setting. In this study, rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs), skeletal muscle tissue and adipose tissue were utilized, undergoing either chondrogenic or osteogenic induction, to investigate the optimal reference gene set identification scheme that would subsequently ensure stable and accurate interpretation of gene expression in bone and cartilage bioengineering. Results The stability and pairwise variance of eight candidate reference genes were analyzed using geNorm. The V0.15- vs. Vmin-based normalization scheme in rBMSCs had no significant effect on the eventual normalization of target genes. In terms of the muscle tissue, the results of the correlation of NF values between the V0.15 and Vmin schemes and the variance of target genes expression levels generated by these two schemes showed that different schemes do indeed have a significant effect on the eventual normalization of target genes. Three selection schemes were adopted in terms of the adipose tissue, including the three optimal reference genes (Opt3), V0.20 and Vmin schemes, and the analysis of NF values with eventual normalization of target genes showed that the different selection schemes also have a significant effect on the eventual normalization of target genes. Conclusions Based on these results, the proposed cut-off value of Vn/n + 1 under 0.15, according to the geNorm algorithm, should be considered with caution. For cell only experiments, at least rBMSCs, a Vn/n + 1 under 0.15 is sufficient in RT-qPCR studies. However, when using certain tissue types such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue the minimum Vn/n + 1 should be used instead as this provides a far superior mode of generating accurate gene expression results. We thus recommended that when the stability and variation of a candidate reference genes in a specific study is unclear the minimum Vn/n + 1 should always be used as this ensures the best and most accurate gene expression value is achieved during RT-qPCR assays.

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On the way toward regulatable expression systems in acetic acid bacteria: target gene expression and use cases

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s00253-021-11269-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Philipp Moritz Fricke ◽

Angelika Klemm ◽

Michael Bott ◽

Tino Polen

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Acetic Acid ◽

Literature Search ◽

Target Gene ◽

Target Genes ◽

Recombinant Dna ◽

Acetic Acid Bacteria ◽

Homoserine Lactone ◽

Expression Systems ◽

Target Gene Expression

Abstract Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are valuable biocatalysts for which there is growing interest in understanding their basics including physiology and biochemistry. This is accompanied by growing demands for metabolic engineering of AAB to take advantage of their properties and to improve their biomanufacturing efficiencies. Controlled expression of target genes is key to fundamental and applied microbiological research. In order to get an overview of expression systems and their applications in AAB, we carried out a comprehensive literature search using the Web of Science Core Collection database. The Acetobacteraceae family currently comprises 49 genera. We found overall 6097 publications related to one or more AAB genera since 1973, when the first successful recombinant DNA experiments in Escherichia coli have been published. The use of plasmids in AAB began in 1985 and till today was reported for only nine out of the 49 AAB genera currently described. We found at least five major expression plasmid lineages and a multitude of further expression plasmids, almost all enabling only constitutive target gene expression. Only recently, two regulatable expression systems became available for AAB, an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-inducible system for Komagataeibacter rhaeticus and an l-arabinose-inducible system for Gluconobacter oxydans. Thus, after 35 years of constitutive target gene expression in AAB, we now have the first regulatable expression systems for AAB in hand and further regulatable expression systems for AAB can be expected. Key points • Literature search revealed developments and usage of expression systems in AAB. • Only recently 2 regulatable plasmid systems became available for only 2 AAB genera. • Further regulatable expression systems for AAB are in sight.

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