Chronic treatment with CV 205-502 restores the gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic males

1996 ◽  
Vol 135 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annamaria Colao ◽  
Michele De Rosa ◽  
Francesca Sarnacchiaro ◽  
Antonella Di Sarno ◽  
Maria Luisa Landi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Clinical Endocrinology ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Good Tolerability ◽  
Normal Morphology

Colao A, De Rosa M, Sarnacchiaro F, Di Sarno A, Landi ML, Iervolino E, Zarrilli S, Merola B, Lombardi G. Chronic treatment with CV 205-502 restores the gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic males. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:548–52. ISSN 0804–4643 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a chronic treatment with the non-ergot-derived dopamine agonist quinagolide (CV 205-502) on sexual and gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic males. Thirteen males with macroprolactinoma and one with microprolactinoma were treated with CV 205-502 at the dose of 0.15–0.6 mg/day for 6–24 months. Baseline prolactin (PRL) was 464 ± 75.7 μg/l. All the patients suffered from libido impairment, five of reduced sexual potency, six had infertility and in four bilateral induced galactorrhea was shown. The semen analysis revealed a severe oligoasthenospermia with reduced sperm count, motility and forward progression, with an abnormal morphology and decreased viability. A significant reduction of serum PRL levels (nadir PRL = 12.3 ± 5.4 μg/l) was obtained during the treatment. Normalization of prolactinemia was reached in 13 of the 14 patients after 3 months. After 1 year, a significant improvement of sperm parameters, in terms of increase of number (from 5600 ± 111 to 20 564 ± 587 mm3), motility at 1 h (from 24.8 ± 0.1 to 52.6 ± 0.5%), forward progression (from 24 ± 1.4 to 62.3 ± 2.9%) and normal morphology (from 53.8 ± 2.5 to 62.2 ± 2.4%), was recorded. In addition, a significant increase of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (from 5.3 ± 0.6 to 7.8 ± 0.4 U/l), luteinizing hormone (from 4.4 ± 0.5 to 7.7 ± 0.4 U/l) and testosterone (from 3.4 ± 0.4 to 4.7 ± 0.2 μg/l) was recorded. A significant increase of luteinizing hormone (9.4 ± 0.7 U/l) and testosterone (5.2 ± 0.4 μg/l), as well as a further improvement of sperm parameters, was found after 2 years of therapy. Sellar computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance showed a considerable shrinkage (⩾ 30%) of tumoral mass in 8 out of 13 patients with macroprolacinoma. Side effects were recorded in only one patient. In conclusion, the treatment with CV 205-502 normalizing PRL levels improves gonadal and sexual function and fertility in males with prolactinoma, providing good tolerability and excellent patient compliance to medical treatment. This result demonstrates that the impairment of gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic patients is a functional modification. Annamaria Colao, Department of Molecular and Clinical Endocrinology and Oncology, "Federico II" University, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy

scholarly journals Comparison of mice’ sperm parameters exposed to some hazardous physical agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. e2021013
Author(s):  
Mohammad-Bagher Abdollahi ◽  
Somayeh Farhang Dehghan ◽  
Faezeh Abasi Balochkhaneh ◽  
Manouchehr Ahmadi Moghadam ◽  
Hamzeh Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Noise Vibration ◽  
Health Organization

The present study was aimed to compare the effects of exposure to noise, vibration, lighting, and microwave on male mice’ sperm parameters. The mice were randomly assigned to five groups of eight, which comprised of the unexposed group and exposure groups including the lighting (1000 lux), noise (100 dB(A)), vibration (acceleration of 1.2 m/s2) and microwave (power density of 5 watts). The exposure groups were subjected to the four agents for 8 hours a day, 5 days a week during a 2-week period. Semen analysis were done according to World Health Organization guidelines. The highest significant mean difference in sperm count (-1.35×106/mL) had being observed between the microwave group and the control one (P=0.001). The highest difference in immotile percent (25.88 %) had being observed between the noise group and the control one (P=0.001). The highest difference in normal morphology (-27.06 %) observed between the lighting exposure group and the control group (P=0.001). The four agents can cause changes in different sperm parameters, however for definite conclusion; more laboratory and field studies are required. In total, exposure to microwave has had the greatest effect on sperm count and exposure to light has had the greatest effect on normal morphology and non-progressive motility. Moreover, exposure to noise has had the greatest effect on progressive motility and immotile percent, respectively.

scholarly journals Effects of Satureja Edmondi Briq on Ameliorate Reproductive Parameters in Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy Models in Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
somayeh bohlouli ◽  
gelavij mahmoodi
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Abstract BackgroundEpilepsy is one of the common neurological brain defects that causes unpredictable, recurrent seizures. It has adverse effects on the reproductive functions.Oxidative stress contributes to the evolution of epilepsy, including reduction of sperm count and motility,increase of abnormal sperm morphology, and low testosterone.Antioxidants are beneficial to spermatogenesis and sperm parameters. Satureja edmondiBriq is known as a powerful antioxidant that can reduce the effects of oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Satureja edmondion reproductive potential in pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced epileptic male rats.MethodsIn this experimental study, 48 Wistar male rats with an average age of 10 weeks and weightof 240- 260g were used. Animals were randomized into normal and kindled groups that were treated with different doses of S.edmondi essential oil. Treatment of animals lasted 4 weeks. In the end, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, and sperm parameters were measured according to the World Health Organization (WHO) standards.ResultsThis study showed that all sperm parameters,including sperm count, sperm viability, and progressive sperm motility were increased and testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone (FSH,LH) changes in the epileptic and normal groups were changed with an increase in the dose of S.edmondi essential oil. ConclutionsThe changes were significant in some parameters. S.edmondi as a good source of antioxidants can improve sperm parameters and reproductive potential in PTZ-induced epileptic male rats.

scholarly journals From Spermiogram to Bio-Functional Sperm Parameters: When and Why Request Them?

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosita A. Condorelli ◽  
Aldo E. Calogero ◽  
Giorgio I. Russo ◽  
Sandro La Vignera
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
Sperm Motility ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Sperm Parameter ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Chromatin Compactness

The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate whether infertile patients may benefit from the evaluation of bio-functional sperm parameters in addition to the conventional semen analysis. To accomplish this, we evaluated the correlation between conventional and bio-functional sperm parameters based on their percentile distribution in search of a potential threshold of these latter that associates with conventional sperm parameter abnormalities. The study was conducted on 577 unselected patients with infertility lasting at least 12 months. We identified cut-off values according to the median of the population for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), number of alive spermatozoa, and chromatin abnormality. High MMP (HMMP) (≥46.25%) was associated with sperm concentration, sperm count, progressive motility, and normal form. Low MMP (LMMP) (≥36.5%) was found to be associated with semen volume, sperm concentration, total sperm count, progressive motility, total motility, and normal form. The number of alive spermatozoa (≥71.7%) was associated with sperm concentration and progressive motility whereas abnormal chromatin compactness (≥21.10%) was associated with sperm concentration, total sperm count, and progressive motility. The data would suggest that, for every increase in the percentile category of sperm concentration, the risk of finding an HMMP≤46.25 is reduced by 0.4 and by 0.66 for a total sperm count. This risk is also reduced by 0.60 for every increase in the percentile category of sperm progressive motility and by 0.71 for total sperm motility. Each increment of percentile category of the following sperm parameter was followed by a decrease in the risk of finding an LMMP≤36.5: sperm concentration 1.66, total sperm count 1.28, sperm progressive motility 1.27, total sperm motility 1.76, and normal form 1.73. Lastly, the data showed that, for every increase in the percentile category of total sperm count, the risk of finding an abnormal chromatin compactness ≤21.10 is reduced by 1.25 (1.04–1.51, p < 0.05) and an increase of total sperm motility is associated with a reduced risk by 1.44 (1.12–1.85, p < 0.05). Results suggest a correlation between bio-functional and conventional sperm parameters that impact the sperm fertilizing potential. Therefore, the evaluation of bio-functional sperm parameters by flow cytometry may be useful to explain some cases of idiopathic male infertility.

scholarly journals Cabergoline treatment rapidly improves gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic males: a comparison with bromocriptine

1998 ◽  
pp. 286-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
M De Rosa ◽  
A Colao ◽  
A Di Sarno ◽  
D Ferone ◽  
ML Landi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Sexual Function ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Rapid Progression ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Good Tolerability ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Fluid Parameters

This study evaluated the effects of chronic treatment with cabergoline (CAB), a new, potent and long-lasting ergoline-derived dopamine agonist, on seminal fluid parameters and sexual and gonadal function in hyperprolactinemic males in comparison with the effect of bromocriptine (BRC) treatment. Seventeen males with macroprolactinoma were treated with CAB at a dose of 0.5-1.5 mg/week (n = 7), or BRC at a dose of 5-15 mg/day (n = 10) for 6 months. Baseline prolactin (PRL) was 925.7 +/- 522.6 microg/l in the CAB-treated group and 1059.4 +/- 297.6 microg/l in the BRC-treated group. All the patients suffered from libido impairment, ten from reduced sexual potency, and six had infertility. In five patients provocative bilateral galactorrhea was found. Seminal fluid analysis, functional seminal tests and penis rigidity and tumescence, measured by nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT) using Rigiscan equipment, were assessed before and after 1, 3 and 6 months of CAB or BRC treatment. Hormone profiles were assessed before and after 15, 30, 60, 90 and 180 days of both treatments. Before treatment, all patients had a low sperm count with oligoasthenospermia, reduced motility and rapid progression with an abnormal morphology and decreased viability, and a low number of erections. After 1 month, serum PRL levels were significantly reduced in both groups of patients (20.6 +/- 6.6 microg/l during CAB and 256.3 +/- 115.1 microg/l during BRC treatment) and were normalized after 6 months in all patients (CAB: 7.9 +/- 2.2 microg/l; BRC: 16.7 +/- 1.8 microg/l). After 6 months, a significant increase of number, total motility, rapid progression and normal morphology was recorded in patients treated with both CAB and BRC. An increase in the number of erections during the first 3 months of both treatments was noted by NPT. However, the improvements in seminal fluid parameters and sexual function were more evident and rapid in patients treated with CAB. The number of erections was normalized after 6 months of treatment in all patients submitted to CAB treatment, and in all patients but one treated by BRC. In addition, a significant increase of serum testosterone (from 3.7 +/- 0.3 to 5.3 +/- 0.2 microg/l) and dihydrotestosterone (from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 1.1 +/- 0.1 nmol/l) was recorded. At the beginning of treatment, mild side-effects were recorded in two patients after CAB and mild-to-moderate side-effects in five patients after BRC administration. The treatment with CAB normalized PRL levels, improving gonadal and sexual function and fertility in males with prolactinoma, earlier than did BRC treatment, providing good tolerability and excellent patient compliance to medical treatment.

INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON GONADOTROPHIN SECRETION AND GONADAL FUNCTION IN MEN DURING CHRONIC TREATMENT WITH A POTENT STIMULATORY LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE ANALOGUE

1979 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-608 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christer Bergquist ◽  
Sven Johan Nillius ◽  
Torbjörn Bergh ◽  
Göran Skarin ◽  
Leif Wide
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Treatment Period ◽  
Chronic Treatment ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Gonadotrophin Secretion ◽  
Long Term Treatment

ABSTRACT Long-term treatment with the potent and long-acting stimulatory luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LRH) analogue D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH was given to 4 healthy men to study its effects on pituitary gonadotrophin secretion and gonadal function. Five μg of the LRH agonist was self-administered sc once daily over 17 weeks. Weekly basal blood samples were obtained for determination of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL) and testosterone. The gonadotrophin responses to the LRH analogue were also determined during the treatment period. LRH tests were performed after treatment. Seminal fluid specimens were collected during and after treatment. A reduction of the basal serum gonadotrophin and testosterone levels were observed during the treatment period. The FSH and LH responses to the analogue were also diminished. After discontinuation of treatment the gonadotrophin and testosterone concentrations returned to pre-treatment levels within a week. The PRL levels and the seminal fluid specimens did not show any significant changes during the study period. The results suggest that chronic treatment with D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LRH has an inhibitory effect on the pituitary gonadotrophin secretion in healthy men. It seems likely that the reduced testosterone level is secondary to the diminished gonadotrophin secretion.

scholarly journals Semen bacterial contamination: Antibiotics susceptibility pattern and standard sperm parameters in men of Birjand, 2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-181
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Tract Infections

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 samples were detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of urinary tract infection (UTI) (P=0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P<0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance; Bacterial Contamination; Infertility; Semen fluid; Sperm

Gonadal function following chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease: a comparative study of MVPP and a seven-drug hybrid regimen.

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 134-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
S T Clark ◽  
J A Radford ◽  
D Crowther ◽  
R Swindell ◽  
S M Shalet
Keyword(s):  
Hodgkin's Disease ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Hodgkin’S Disease ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Ovarian Failure ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Early Menopause ◽  
Gonadal Dysfunction ◽  
Significant Difference

PURPOSE AND METHODS Gonadal function was assessed in 89 patients after chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (HD). Thirty-seven patients had received mechlorethamine, vinblastine, prednisolone, and procarbazine (MVPP) and 52 patients, a hybrid combination of chlorambucil, vinblastine, prednisolone, procarbazine, doxorubicin, vincristine, and etoposide (ChIVPP/EVA). Fifty men (MVPP, n = 21; ChIVPP/EVA, n = 29) with a median age of 26 years (range, 16 to 54) and 39 women (MVPP, n = 16; ChIVPP/EVA, n = 23) with a median age of 30 years (range, 15 to 47) were studied at a median of 30 months (range, 4 to 83) following chemotherapy. RESULTS Semen analysis showed azoospermia in 35 of 37 men, and increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in this group confirmed severe germinal epithelial damage. Analysis of pretreatment semen in 28 men showed azoospermia in one, oligospermia in four (sperm count < 20 x 10(6)/mL), and a normal sperm count in the remaining 23. In the women, 26 of 34 (76%) with a regular menstrual cycle before commencing chemotherapy became amenorrheic following treatment. Menses returned in 10 women, who had a median age of 25 years (range, 21 to 34), and there were two pregnancies in this group. In the other 16, with a median age of 36 years (range, 27 to 47), amenorrhea persisted and premature ovarian failure was confirmed by increased serum gonadotrophins and reduced estradiol (E2) concentrations. Of the original eight women in whom menses were maintained following treatment, two subsequently developed amenorrhea and the clinical and biochemical features of an early menopause. In total, 18 of 34 women (53%) required hormone replacement therapy for chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure. CONCLUSION There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency or severity of gonadal dysfunction between MVPP- and ChIVPP/EVA-treated patients. We conclude that both of these chemotherapy schedules cause substantial damage to gonadal function in both sexes.

scholarly journals Reduced Seminal Concentration of CD45pos Cells after Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Treatment in Selected Patients with Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosita A. Condorelli ◽  
Aldo E. Calogero ◽  
Enzo Vicari ◽  
Laura Mongioi’ ◽  
Giovanni Burgio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Germ Cells ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The present study evaluated the conventional sperm parameters and the seminal concentration of CD45pos cells (pan-leukocyte marker) of infertile patients with idiopathic oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT). The patients were arbitrarily divided into three groups treated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone FSH:α(Group A = 20 patients), recombinant FSH-β(Group B = 20 patients), and highly purified human FSH (Group C = 14 patients). All treated groups achieved a similar improvement of the main sperm parameters (density, progressive motility, and morphology), but only the increase in the percentage of spermatozoa with normal morphology was significant compared to the baseline in all three examined groups. Moreover, all groups had a significant reduction of the seminal concentration of CD45pos cells and of the percentage of immature germ cells. Before and after the treatment, the concentration of CD45pos cells showed a positive linear correlation with the percentage of immature germ cells and a negative correlation with the percentage of spermatozoa with regular morphology. These results demonstrate that treatment with FSH is effective in patients with idiopathic OAT and that there are no significant differences between the different preparations. The novelty of this study is in the significant reduction of the concentration of CD45pos cells observed after the treatment.

scholarly journals Use of Biosimilar Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in Asthenozoospermic Infertile Patients: A Multicentric Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1478
Author(s):  
Maurizio De Rocco Ponce ◽  
Carlo Foresta ◽  
Rocco Rago ◽  
Alessandro Dal Lago ◽  
Giancarlo Balercia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Fragmentation ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Comparable Efficacy ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Multicentric Study ◽  
Progressive Motility ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

There is increasing data in favour of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) therapy in patients with oligo-asthenozoospermia and normal-range gonadotropins in order to increase sperm count and above all sperm motility. Some studies showed an improvement in DNA fragmentation and spontaneous pregnancy. Recently, biosimilar FSH has been marketed with the same indications. We performed a retrospective multicentric case-control study involving 147 asthenozoospermic patients between 18 and 45 years of age. A total of 97 patients were treated with biosimilar FSH 150 UI three times a week for 3 months, while 50 control subjects received no treatment. Patients were evaluated at baseline and after 3 months with semen analysis including DNA fragmentation, testicular colour Doppler ultrasound, and blood tests. Spontaneous pregnancies were recorded during a further follow-up period of 6 months. Treated patients showed after treatment a statistically significant increase in sperm concentration, total sperm count, and total motile sperm, as well as improved progressive motility and non-progressive motility. DNA fragmentation showed a significant reduction. Conversely, in the control group, no significant change was found. Pregnancy rate was significantly higher in treated patients. These data suggest comparable efficacy of biosimilar FSH in the treatment of male infertility; however, larger studies are needed to confirm our results.

scholarly journals Semen Bacterial contamination: Antibiotics susceptibility pattern and standard sperm parameters in men of Birjand,2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 172-181
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Contamination ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Sperm Parameters ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Tract Infections

Background and Aim: Urinary tract infections can be one of the most important causes of infertility in men. Identification of semen bacterial contamination and using of appropriate antibiotic treatment can cause to improvement sperm parameters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of bacterial contamination of semen and its effect on standard sperm parameters. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, the semen analysis of 40 men referring to Birjand laboratories was performed by using the CASA model spermogram device. The Eosin-Nigrosin staining was used to evaluate of sperm viability. After semen samples were cultured on microbial culture media, bacterial contamination was assessed by using conventional microbiological methods. The determination of antibiotic susceptibility of bacterial isolates was performed by the disk diffusion method. Results: In the present study, 30% of semen 12 sampleswere detected with bacterial contamination, the most frequent of which was related to Escherichia coli (41.7%). Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between bacterial contamination of semen and history of UTI(Urinary ??? infection) (P = 0.001). There was a significant decrease in the motility, viability and sperm count in subjects with bacterial semen contamination (P <0.05). Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin and third-generation of Cephalosporins were reported as the most effective treatment options for reducing bacterial contamination in semen. Conclusion: The bacterial contamination of semen can significantly reduce the motility, viability and sperm count. Due to the high prevalence of bacterial contamination in semen and its significant association with sperm factors, the microbial screening of infertile couples without clinical symptoms is essential. Key Words: Antibiotic Resistance; Bacterial Contamination; Infertility; Semen fluid; Sperm

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