Aromatase is differentially expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes from children, and adult female and male subjects

Objective: Aromatase, the key enzyme involved in estrogen synthesis, is expressed in a variety of cells and tissues including human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs). The present study was designed to evaluate PBL aromatase gene expression in male and female subjects of different age groups. In addition, differences in gene expression during the follicular and luteal phase of the menstrual cycle in women, and before and after testosterone administration in men, were estimated. Design: Aromatase mRNA and protein were measured in PBLs obtained from young (n = 10) and postmenopausal women (n = 10), men (n = 15), and prepubertal children (n = 10). Aromatase mRNA and protein were also measured during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle in women, and before and after the intramuscular administration of 250 mg testosterone enanthate in men. Methods and Results: Aromatase mRNA measured by real-time PCR in PBLs from women during the follicular phase was significantly higher than during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (P < 0.05). In men, PBL aromatase mRNA values increased significantly following testosterone administration (P < 0.05). PBL mRNA aromatase levels in women during the follicular phase and men after testosterone administration were significantly higher (one-way ANOVA; P < 0.05) than in any other group. Children, postmenopausal women, and women during the luteal phase showed the lowest aromatase mRNA expression. The results of the immunoblot analysis confirmed the data obtained by real-time PCR. A positive correlation between PBL aromatase mRNA values and plasma estradiol and estrone levels during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was observed in the group of adult women. No other correlations were found. Conclusions: The aromatase gene is differentially expressed in PBLs from women, men, and prepubertal children, indicating a sexual dimorphism in the enzyme expression and an important role of sex steroids in the modulation of aromatase gene expression.

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Interferon-Related and Other Immune Genes Are Downregulated in Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in the Luteal Phase of the Menstrual Cycle

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2003-031647 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 2501-2504 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Chrysoula Dosiou ◽

Ruth B. Lathi ◽

Suzana Tulac ◽

S.-T. Joseph Huang ◽

Linda C. Giudice

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽

Blood Leukocytes ◽

Immune Genes

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PECAM–1 (CD31)-gene expression is downregulated by TNF-α or Interferon (IFN-) but upregulated by TGF–1 in peripheral blood leukocytes

Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie ◽

10.1055/s-0031-1295864 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 50 (01) ◽

Author(s):

F Moriconi ◽

A Amanzada ◽

I Malik ◽

G Ramadori

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽

Blood Leukocytes ◽

Tnf Α

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EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTIONS DURING DIFFERENT PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN YOUNG WOMEN

International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies ◽

10.32553/ijmbs.v4i2.1032 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Shehnaz Shaikh

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Sample Size ◽

Young Women ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Uterine Wall ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Menstrual Phase ◽

Granulose Cells ◽

Efficiency Test

Introduction: Menstrual cycle or menstruation involved discharge of sanguinous fluid and a sloughing of uterine wall. In women menstruation occurs at regular intervals on an average of 28 days, although most women gave a history of regular intervals of 28 to 30 days. About 10% -15% of women showed cycle at the precise 28 ± 2 days intervals when menstrual calendar was utilized. Normally in young women in different phases of ovarian cycles the plasma levels of estrogen vary. Ovulation occurs in the first 12-13th day of menstrual cycle, which is termed estrogen surge and second occurs in mid-luteal phase. During mid cycle or follicular phase of menstrual cycle the plasma concentration of progesterone is very low about 0.9 ng/mL. its level starts rising owing to secretion from the granulose cells. During luteal phase progesterone level reaches its peak value of 18 ng/mL and its level fall to a minimum value toward the end of the cycle. Estrogen affects local and systemic vasodilation. The menstrual cycle envelops two fundamental stages, the follicular stage (FP) and the luteal stage (LP). The follicular stage can part advance into two substages; the early FP, which is characterised with moo concentrations of both the key hormones estrogen and progesterone; and the mid FP where estrogen is tall autonomously from progesterone. The LP is epitomized by tall concentration of both estrogen and progesterone. These two fundamental stages are isolated by a soak surge in luteinizing hormone activating ovulation. These recurrent changes are said to be frequency unsurprising while long time. Aim: The main aim of this study is to evaluate the Cardiorespiratory functions changes during different Phases of Menstrual Cycle. Material and methods: In this study, 20 with normal weight, 20 with obese and 20 with overage were included and taken them as a sample size. In this study all the young women those were recruited as a sample size are unmarried, undergraduate female student with the between the age group of 18-22years, having regular 28+6 days menstrual cycle for at least last 6months prior to this study. For the collection of data all the participants were instructed to attend the physiology lab department during each of three different phases. Day-2 during menstrual phase, Day-7, during follicular phase and Day-22 during luteal phase and the following parameters were recorded as Anthropometric measurements, measuring of pulse rate and blood pressure and cardiac efficiency test. Result: In general, work out proficiency changed essentially amid the distinctive stages of the menstrual cycle with the most elevated amid luteal stage and least amid menstrualo stage. There was no critical contrast in impact test amid menstrual stage, follicular stage and luteal stage of menstrual cycle among three bunches of people. Conclusion: We have watched noteworthy increment in cardiac and respiratory proficiency within the luteal stage of the menstrual cycle in ordinary weight people. Lower wellness levels were watched in overweight and stout females. In this manner hone of customary work out and admissions of solid slim down which offer assistance in lessening the weight and in turn the BMI will offer assistance in improving the physical wellness of the people. Keywords: Cardiorespiratory, Menstrual cycle, expiratory blast test

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Increased interleukin-1β gene expression in peripheral blood leukocytes is associated with increased pain and predicts risk for progression of symptomatic knee osteoarthritis.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.13393982.14765070 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Linda Sandell ◽

Muhammad Farooq Rai

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Knee Osteoarthritis ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Interleukin 1Β ◽

Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽

Blood Leukocytes ◽

Symptomatic Knee Osteoarthritis ◽

Symptomatic Knee

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Influence of Menstrual Cycle Estradiol-β-17 Fluctuations on Energy Substrate Utilization-Oxidation during Aerobic, Endurance Exercise

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18137209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (13) ◽

pp. 7209

Author(s):

Hannah N. Willett ◽

Kristen J. Koltun ◽

Anthony C. Hackney

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Athletic Performance ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Substrate Utilization ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Exercise Session ◽

Future Research ◽

Physically Active ◽

Energy Substrate ◽

Fat Utilization

This study examined the effect of estradiol-β-17 across the menstrual cycle (MC) during aerobic exercise on energy substrate utilization and oxidation. Thirty-two eumenorrheic (age = 22.4 ± 3.8 y (mean ± SD)), physically active women participated in two steady-state running sessions at 65% of VO2max, one during the early follicular and one during the luteal phase of the MC. Blood samples were collected at rest before each exercise session and analyzed for Estradiol-β-17 to confirm the MC phase. Carbohydrate (CHO) utilization and oxidation values were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the luteal (utilization: 51.6 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 1.22 ± 0.56 g/min; effect size (ES) = 0.45, 0.27) than follicular phase (utilization: 58.2 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 1.38 ± 0.60 g/min) exercise sessions. Conversely, fat utilization and oxidation values were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the luteal (utilization: 48.4 ± 16.7%; oxidation: 0.49 ± 0.19 g/min; ES = 0.45,0.28) than follicular phase (utilization: 41.8 ± 15.1%; oxidation: 0.41 ± 0.14 g/min). Estradiol-β-17 concentrations were significantly (p < 0.01) greater during the luteal (518.5 ± 285.4 pmol/L; ES = 0.75) than follicular phase (243.8 ± 143.2 pmol/L). Results suggest a greater use of fat and reduced amount of CHO usage during the luteal versus follicular phase, directly related to the change in resting estradiol-β-17. Future research should investigate the role these changes may play in female athletic performance.

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Immune gene expression in cyprinid herpesvirus-2 (CyHV-2)–sensitized peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) co-cultured with CyHV-2-infected goldfish fin cell line

Aquaculture International ◽

10.1007/s10499-021-00721-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sweta Das ◽

Arathi Dharmaratnam ◽

Charan Ravi ◽

Raj Kumar ◽

Thangaraj Raja Swaminathan

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Cell Line ◽

Peripheral Blood ◽

Immune Gene ◽

Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽

Blood Leukocytes ◽

Immune Gene Expression

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Urinary melatonin, LH, oestradiol, progesterone excretion during the menstrual cycle or in women taking oral contraceptives

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.1160145 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 116 (1) ◽

pp. 145-149 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Jocelyne Brun ◽

Bruno Claustrat ◽

Michel David

Keyword(s):

Oral Contraceptive ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Urinary Excretion ◽

Oral Contraceptives ◽

Coefficient Of Variation ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Positive Relationship ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

The Other ◽

Normal Women

Abstract. Nocturnal urinary excretion of melatonin, LH, progesterone and oestradiol was measured by radioimmunoassay in nine normal women during a complete cycle. In addition, these hormonal excretions were studied in two women taking an oral contraceptive. A high within-subject coefficient of variation was observed for melatonin excretion in the two groups. In the nine normal cycling women, melatonin excretion was not decreased at the time of ovulation, but was significantly increased during the luteal phase compared with that of the follicular phase (P < 0.01). These data are consistent with a positive relationship between melatonin and progesterone during the luteal phase. In the two women under an oral contraceptive, melatonin excretion was found within the same range as for the other nine. The results are discussed in terms of pineal investigation in human.

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CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATION OF PITUITARY AND STEROID HORMONES IN THE FOLLICULAR FLUID OF HUMAN GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.0640555 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 64 (3) ◽

pp. 555-571 ◽

Cited By ~ 158

Author(s):

K. P. McNATTY ◽

W. M. HUNTER ◽

A. S. McNEILLY ◽

R. S. SAWERS

Keyword(s):

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Steroid Hormones ◽

Follicular Fluid ◽

Follicle Stimulating Hormone ◽

Secretory Activity ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Hormonal Changes ◽

Peripheral Plasma ◽

Before And After ◽

Late Follicular Phase

SUMMARY The concentrations of FSH, LH, prolactin, oestradiol and progesterone were measured in peripheral plasma and follicular fluid of women throughout the menstrual cycle. With the exception of prolactin, concentrations of pituitary and steroid hormones in follicular fluid correlated with those in peripheral plasma. Follicle-stimulating hormone was present in a greater number of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during or just after the peaks of FSH in peripheral plasma. During the mid-follicular phase the concentration of both FSH and oestradiol in fluid from large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) was high. During the late follicular phase the large follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) contained high amounts of progesterone in addition to oestradiol, low physiological levels of prolactin, and concentrations of LH and FSH about 30 and 60% respectively of those found in plasma. By contrast no large 'active' follicles ( ≥ 8 mm) were found during the luteal phase although many contained both LH and FSH. Luteinizing hormone was present in a proportion of small follicles ( < 8 mm) during the late follicular and early luteal but not at other stages of the menstrual cycle. It is suggested that a precise sequence of hormonal changes occur within the microenvironment of the developing Graafian follicle; the order in which they occur may be of considerable importance for the growth of that follicle and secretory activity of the granulosa cells both before and after ovulation.

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Haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress during the menstrual cycle

Clinical Science ◽

10.1042/cs0810017 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 81 (1) ◽

pp. 17-22 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Karin Manhem ◽

Christina Jern ◽

Martin Pilhall ◽

Guy Shanks ◽

Sverker Jern

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Menstrual Cycle ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Psychosocial Stress ◽

Mental Stress ◽

Luteal Phase ◽

Follicular Phase ◽

Two Phases ◽

Plasma Catecholamine Concentrations

1. The haemodynamic effects of hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle were examined in 11 normotensive women (age 20–46 years). The subjects were studied on days 2–8 (follicular phase) and days 18–26 (luteal phase) in a randomized order. A standardized mental stress test and a 24 h recording of ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate were performed. 2. Pre-stress resting levels of heart rate and blood pressure were similar during the two phases of the menstrual cycle. 3. During mental stress, the heart rate response was significantly greater during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase (14.7 versus 9.7 beats/min; P < 0.05). 4. Blood pressure, plasma catecholamine concentrations and subjective stress experience increased significantly in response to stress, without any significant differences between the two phases. 5. During 24 h ambulatory monitoring, higher levels of systolic blood pressure and heart rate were observed in the luteal phase than in the follicular phase (P < 0.005 and P < 0.0001, respectively). 6. These data indicate that cyclic variations in female sex hormones not only affect systolic blood pressure and heart rate, but also alter the haemodynamic responses to psychosocial stress.

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