The Evolution of the FT/TFL1 Genes in Amaranthaceae and Their Expression Patterns in the Course of Vegetative Growth and Flowering in Chenopodium rubrum

Wang, S., Xue, J., Ahmadi, N., Holloway, P., Zhu, F., Ren, X. and Zhang, X. 2014. Molecular characterization and expression patterns of PsSVP genes reveal distinct roles in flower bud abortion and flowering in tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa). Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1181–1193. Container culture and flower forcing are used for off-season production of tree peony for the Chinese Spring Festival. Storage of potted tree peony for 10 d at 12°C in a refrigerator before 4°C chilling treatment can help new root growth and promote leaf development. Development from bud swelling to anthesis was divided into nine stages. Some aborted flower buds usually emerge in Stage III. Removal of two to four leaflets in an alternating pattern and applying gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) around the flower bud at Stage III can decrease the flower bud abortion rate and promote flower formation rate. Two MADS-box genes with homology to Arabidopsis SVP, designated PsSVP1 and PsSVP2, which probably caused flower-bud abortion, were isolated by reverse transcription-PCR. Sequence comparison analysis showed that PsSVP was most similar to SVP-like gene in apple. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that PsSVP was evolutionarily close to SVP-like genes from Malus domestica, SVP genes from Cruciferae and SVP-like genes from Vitis vinifera. The qRT-PCR results suggested that expression of PsSVP was high in vegetative growth phase, especially in the leaves of tree peony, and its expression was regulated by GA3. Further analysis showed that more PsSVP transcripted in the aborted flower bud, especially in the buds where leaflets grew well. It was deduced that PsSVP can promote vegetative growth and suppress flowering in tree peony. Thus, it is very important to further investigate PsSVP and decipher the mechanisms of flower-bud abortion to improve forcing culture of tree peony.

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Temporal dynamics of QTL effects on vegetative growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

Journal of Experimental Botany ◽

10.1093/jxb/eraa490 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rhonda C Meyer ◽

Kathleen Weigelt-Fischer ◽

Dominic Knoch ◽

Marc Heuermann ◽

Yusheng Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Snp Array ◽

Relative Growth Rates ◽

Continuous Formation ◽

A Genome

Abstract We assessed early vegetative growth in a population of 382 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana using automated non-invasive high-throughput phenotyping. All accessions were imaged daily from 7 d to 18 d after sowing in three independent experiments and genotyped using the Affymetrix 250k SNP array. Projected leaf area (PLA) was derived from image analysis and used to calculate relative growth rates (RGRs). In addition, initial seed size was determined. The generated datasets were used jointly for a genome-wide association study that identified 238 marker–trait associations (MTAs) individually explaining up to 8% of the total phenotypic variation. Co-localization of MTAs occurred at 33 genomic positions. At 21 of these positions, sequential co-localization of MTAs for 2–9 consecutive days was observed. The detected MTAs for PLA and RGR could be grouped according to their temporal expression patterns, emphasizing that temporal variation of MTA action can be observed even during the vegetative growth phase, a period of continuous formation and enlargement of seemingly similar rosette leaves. This indicates that causal genes may be differentially expressed in successive periods. Analyses of the temporal dynamics of biological processes are needed to gain important insight into the molecular mechanisms of growth-controlling processes in plants.

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Differential Regulation and Posttranslational Processing of the Class II Hydrophobin Genes from the Biocontrol Fungus Hypocrea atroviridis

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01764-08 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 75 (10) ◽

pp. 3222-3229 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Marianna Mikus ◽

Lï¿½rï¿½nt Hatvani ◽

Torsten Neuhof ◽

Monika Komoń-Zelazowska ◽

Ralf Dieckmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Pathogenic Fungi ◽

Class Ii ◽

Carbon Starvation ◽

Molecular Ions ◽

Mechanical Injury ◽

Extracellular Proteins ◽

Loss Of Function ◽

Specific Expression

ABSTRACT Hydrophobins are small extracellular proteins, unique to and ubiquitous in filamentous fungi, which mediate interactions between the fungus and environment. The mycoparasitic fungus Hypocrea atroviridis has recently been shown to possess 10 different class II hydrophobin genes, which is a much higher number than that of any other ascomycete investigated so far. In order to learn the potential advantage of this hydrophobin multiplicity for the fungus, we have investigated their expression patterns under different physiological conditions (e.g., vegetative growth), various conditions inducing sporulation (light, carbon starvation, and mechanical injury-induced stress), and confrontation with potential hosts for mycoparasitism. The results show that the 10 hydrophobins display different patterns of response to these conditions: one hydrophobin (encoded by hfb-2b) is constitutively induced under all conditions, whereas other hydrophobins were formed only under conditions of carbon starvation (encoded by hfb-1c and hfb-6c) or light plus carbon starvation (encoded by hfb-2c, hfb-6a, and hfb-6b). The hydrophobins encoded by hfb-1b and hfb-5a were primarily formed during vegetative growth and under mechanical injury-provoked stress. hfb-22a was not expressed under any conditions and is likely a pseudogene. None of the 10 genes showed a specific expression pattern during mycoparasitic interaction. Most, but not all, of the expression patterns under the three different conditions of sporulation were dependent on one or both of the two blue-light regulator proteins BLR1 and BLR2, as shown by the use of respective loss-of-function mutants. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry of mycelial solvent extracts provided sets of molecular ions corresponding to HFB-1b, HFB-2a, HFB-2b, and HFB-5a in their oxidized and processed forms. These in silico-deduced sequences of the hydrophobins indicate cleavages at known signal peptide sites as well as additional N- and C-terminal processing. Mass peaks observed during confrontation with plant-pathogenic fungi indicate further proteolytic attack on the hydrophobins. Our study illustrates both divergent and redundant functions of the 10 hydrophobins of H. atroviridis.

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Development of abnormal strobili in Lycopodium annotinum as an example of the reversion phenomenon in lower vascular plants

Botany ◽

10.1139/cjb-2015-0051 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 93 (10) ◽

pp. 701-707

Author(s):

Edyta M. Gola ◽

Alicja Dolzblasz ◽

Piotr Otręba ◽

Anna Śliwińska-Wyrzychowska

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Vascular Plants ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Shoot Apices ◽

Developmental Context ◽

Anatomical Changes ◽

Vegetative Tissues ◽

Proliferative Zone ◽

Lycopodium Annotinum

The formation of strobili, which are groups of sporangia-bearing sporophylls on shoot apices, terminates the axis growth in the majority of lycopods. Here, we present an interesting developmental aberration in Lycopodium annotinum L. The structure of abnormal strobili was histologically analyzed using the anatomical sections. Additionally, the expression patterns of LAMB1 and LAMB2, which are known to be specific to L. annotinum sporogenous and vegetative tissues, respectively, were comparatively analyzed in normal and abnormal strobili. Histological analyses revealed that the morphological and anatomical changes in abnormal strobili were related to the resumption of the vegetative growth of the strobilus apex after the production of several sporophylls and sporangia. The identity of both distinct zones of abnormal strobili, i.e., the basal sporangial part and the apical proliferative part, was confirmed by expression patterns of LAMB1 and LAMB2, indicating that microphylls in the apical proliferative zone were of the vegetative type. The results strongly suggest a change of meristem fate and activity in the process of abnormal strobilus formation. The abnormal strobili in L. annotinum could be a specific example of reversion in lower vascular plants. This phenomenon in lycopods is discussed in a developmental context.

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Nla18, a Key Regulatory Protein Required for Normal Growth and Development of Myxococcus xanthus

Journal of Bacteriology ◽

10.1128/jb.188.5.1733-1743.2006 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 188 (5) ◽

pp. 1733-1743 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Michelle E. Diodati ◽

Faisury Ossa ◽

Nora B. Caberoy ◽

Ivy R. Jose ◽

Wataru Hiraiwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Gene Regulation ◽

Fruiting Body ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Myxococcus Xanthus ◽

Body Development ◽

Fruiting Body Development ◽

Mutant Cells

ABSTRACT NtrC-like activators regulate the transcription of a wide variety of adaptive genes in bacteria. Previously, we demonstrated that a mutation in the ntrC-like activator gene nla18 causes defects in fruiting body development in Myxococcus xanthus. In this report, we describe the effect that nla18 inactivation has on gene expression patterns during development and vegetative growth. Gene expression in nla18 mutant cells is altered in the early stages of fruiting body development. Furthermore, nla18 mutant cells are defective for two of the earliest events in development, production of the intracellular starvation signal ppGpp and production of A-signal. Taken together, these results indicate that the developmental program in nla18 mutant cells goes awry very early. Inactivation of nla18 also causes a dramatic decrease in the vegetative growth rate of M. xanthus cells. DNA microarray analysis revealed that the vegetative expression patterns of more than 700 genes are altered in nla18 mutant cells. Genes coding for putative membrane and membrane-associated proteins are among the largest classes of genes whose expression is altered by nla18 inactivation. This result is supported by our findings that the profiles of membrane proteins isolated from vegetative nla18 mutant and wild-type cells are noticeably different. In addition to genes that code for putative membrane proteins, nla18 inactivation affects the expression of many genes that are likely to be important for protein synthesis and gene regulation. Our data are consistent with a model in which Nla18 controls vegetative growth and development by activating the expression of genes involved in gene regulation, translation, and membrane structure.

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Temporal dynamics of QTL effects on vegetative growth in Arabidopsis thaliana

10.1101/2020.06.11.145953 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Rhonda C. Meyer ◽

Kathleen Weigelt-Fischer ◽

Dominic Knoch ◽

Marc Heuermann ◽

Yusheng Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Association Study ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Genome Wide Association Study ◽

Temporal Dynamics ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Genome Wide Association ◽

Genome Wide ◽

A Genome

ABSTRACTWe assessed early vegetative growth in a population of 382 accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana using automated non-invasive high-throughput phenotyping. All accessions were imaged daily from seven to 18 days after sowing in three independent experiments and genotyped using the Affymetrix 250k SNP array. Projected leaf area (PLA) was derived from image analysis and used to calculate relative growth rates (RGR). In addition, initial seed size was determined. The generated data sets were used jointly for a genome-wide association study that identified 238 marker-trait associations (MTAs) individually explaining up to 8 % of the total phenotypic variation. Co-localisation of MTAs occurred at 33 genomic positions. At 21 of these positions, sequential co-localisation of MTAs for two to nine consecutive days was observed. The detected MTAs for PLA and RGR could be grouped according to their temporal expression patterns, emphasising that temporal variation of MTA action can be observed even during the vegetative growth phase, a period of continuous formation and enlargement of seemingly similar rosette leaves. This indicates that causal genes may be differentially expressed in successive periods. Analyses of the temporal dynamics of biological processes are needed to gain important insight into the molecular mechanisms of growth-controlling processes in plants.HighlightA genome-wide association study including the factor time highlighted that early plant growth in Arabidopsis is governed by several medium and many small effect loci, most of which act only during short phases of two to nine days.

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Molecular Characterization and Expression Patterns of the HkSVP Gene Reveal Distinct Roles in Inflorescence Structure and Floral Organ Development in Hemerocallis fulva

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222112010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (21) ◽

pp. 12010

Author(s):

Yingzhu Liu ◽

Yike Gao ◽

Lin Yuan ◽

Qixiang Zhang

Keyword(s):

Vegetative Growth ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Floral Organ ◽

Mads Box Gene ◽

Inflorescence Structure ◽

Flower Organs ◽

Perennial Herbs ◽

Onion Epidermal Cells ◽

Delayed Flowering ◽

Two Hybrid

SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) genes are members of the well-known MADS-box gene family that play a key role in regulating vital developmental processes in plants. Hemerocallis are perennial herbs that exhibit continuous flowering development and have been extensively used in landscaping. However, there are few reports on the regulatory mechanism of flowering in Hemerocallis. To better understand the molecular basis of floral formation of Hemerocallis, we identified and characterized the SVP-like gene HkSVP from the Hemerocallis cultivar ‘Kanai Sensei’. Quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) indicated that HkSVP transcript was mainly expressed in the vegetative growth stage and had the highest expression in leaves, low expression in petals, pedicels and fruits, and no expression in pistils. The HkSVP encoded protein was localized in the nucleus of Arabidopsis protoplasts and the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Yeast two hybrid assay revealed that HKSVP interacted with Hemerocallis AP1 and TFL1. Moreover, overexpression of HkSVP in Arabidopsis resulted in delayed flowering and abnormal phenotypes, including enriched trichomes, increased basal inflorescence branches and inhibition of inflorescence formation. These observations suggest that the HkSVP gene may play an important role in maintaining vegetative growth by participating in the construction of inflorescence structure and the development of flower organs.

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