Protective effects of five surfactants on cellulase in the saccharification of corn stover based on the impeded Michaelis-Menten model

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 4089-4109
Author(s):  
Wenjing Shi ◽  
Zhicai Zhang ◽  
Quanshan Shun ◽  
Xiaocui Liu ◽  
Chongyang Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cellulase Activity ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Sorbitan Monooleate ◽  
Comprehensive Index ◽  
Cmcase Activity ◽  
Saccharification Efficiency ◽  
The Cost

Protective effects of five surfactants were investigated relative to the saccharification of lignocellulose using the impeded Michaelis-Menten model (IMM). The yield of total reducing sugar (Ytrs) and cellulase activity were indexed as the effect of surfactant. The IMM was used to fit the correlation between Ytrs and reaction time to obtain the index (Kobs,0) reflecting the accessibility between cellulose and lignocellulose and the comprehensive index (Ki) reflecting cellulase inactivation and non-specific site adsorption. Results showed that the strongest protective effect was found from polyoxyethylene (80) sorbitan monooleate, followed by rhamnolipid. The surfactants protected cellulase from inactivation and nonspecific site adsorption of lignocellulose in the saccharification, leading to enhanced cellulase activity, especially with respect to carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and filter paper enzyme (FPase) activities. The maximum Ytrs was obtained when the CMCase activity was 136.2 U/mL, while the FPase and β-glucosidase activities should be as high and low as possible, respectively, under the optimized condition. These findings lay the foundation for improving the saccharification efficiency of cellulase and reducing the cost of saccharification of biomass cellulose.

The Protective Effect of Metformin against Oxandrolone-Induced Infertility in Male Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulqader Fadhil Abed ◽  
Yazun Bashir Jarrar ◽  
Hamzeh J Al-Ameer ◽  
Wajdy Al-Awaida ◽  
Su-Jun Lee
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Male Infertility ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Histological Examination ◽  
Sperm Count ◽  
Serum Testosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
P Value ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Rt Pcr

Background: Oxandrolone is a synthetic testosterone analogue that is widely used among bodybuilders and athletes. However, oxandrolone causes male infertility. Recently, it was found that metformin reduces the risk of infertility associated with diabetes mellitus. Aim: This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of metformin against oxandrolone-induced infertility in male rats. Methods: Rats continuously received one of four treatments (n=7) over 14 days: control DMSO administration, oxandrolone administration, metformin administration, or co-administration of oxandrolone and metformin. Doses were equivalent to those used for human treatment. Subsequently, testicular and blood samples were collected for morphological, biochemical, and histological examination. In addition, gene expression of the testosterone synthesizing enzyme CYP11A1 was analyzed in the testes using RT-PCR. Results: Oxandrolone administration induced male infertility by significantly reducing relative weights of testes by 48%, sperm count by 82%, and serum testosterone levels by 96% (ANOVA, P value < 0.05). In addition, histological examination determined that oxandrolone caused spermatogenic arrest which was associated with 2-fold downregulation of testicular CYP11A1 gene expression. However, co-administration of metformin with oxandrolone significantly ameliorated toxicological alterations induced by oxandrolone exposure (ANOVA, P value < 0.05). Conclusion: Metformin administration protected against oxandrolone-induced infertility in male rats. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm the protective effect of metformin against oxandrolone-induced infertility among athletes.

scholarly journals Protective Effects of Taurine Chloramine on Experimentally Induced Colitis: NFκB, STAT3, and Nrf2 as Potential Targets

Antioxidants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 479
Author(s):  
Seong Hoon Kim ◽  
Hye-Won Yum ◽  
Seung Hyeon Kim ◽  
Wonki Kim ◽  
Su-Jung Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Parent Compound ◽  
Oxidative Stress Marker ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Taurine Chloramine ◽  
Proinflammatory Mediators ◽  
Experimentally Induced

Taurine chloramine (TauCl) is an endogenous anti-inflammatory substance which is derived from taurine, a semi-essential sulfur-containing β-amino acid found in some foods including meat, fish, eggs and milk. In general, TauCl as well as its parent compound taurine downregulates production of tissue-damaging proinflammatory mediators, such as chemokines and cytokines in many different types of cells. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of TauCl on experimentally induced colon inflammation. Oral administration of TauCl protected against mouse colitis caused by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS). TauCl administration attenuated apoptosis in the colonic mucosa of TNBS-treated mice. This was accompanied by reduced expression of an oxidative stress marker, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal and proinflammatory molecules including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and cyclooxygenase-2 in mouse colon. TauCl also inhibited activation of NFκB and STAT3, two key transcription factors mediating proinflammatory signaling. Notably, the protective effect of TauCl on oxidative stress and inflammation in the colon of TNBS-treated mice was associated with elevated activation of Nrf2 and upregulation of its target genes encoding heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, and glutathione S-transferase. Taken together, these results suggest that TauCl exerts the protective effect against colitis through upregulation of Nrf2-dependent cytoprotective gene expression while blocking the proinflammatory signaling mediated by NFκB and STAT3.

Abstract 309: Role of Hemeoxygenase in the Reno-Protective Effects of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition In Diabetic Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

Hypertension ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed A Elmarakby ◽  
Jessica Faulkner ◽  
Chelsey Pye ◽  
Babak Baban ◽  
Katelyn Rouch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Renal Injury ◽  
Renal Fibrosis ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Hypertensive Rats ◽  
Spontaneously Hypertensive

We previously showed that inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) increased epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) levels and reduced renal injury in diabetic mice and these changes were associated with induction of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1). The present study determines whether the inhibition of HO negates the reno-protective effect of sEH inhibition in diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats as a model of diabetic nephropathy in which hypertension coexists with diabetes. After six weeks of induction of diabetes with streptozotocin, SHR were divided into the following groups: untreated, treated with the sEH inhibitor, trans -4-[4-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-cyclohexyloxy]-benzoic acid (AUCB), treated with the HO inhibitor, stannous mesoporphyrin (SnMP), and treated with both inhibitors for four more weeks; non diabetic SHR served as a control group. Although inhibition of sEH increased renal EETs/DHETEs ratio and HO-1 activity in diabetic SHR, it did not significantly alter blood pressure (plasma EETs/DHETEs ratio was 0.5± 0.1 in AUCB-treated vs. 0.1± 0.01 in untreated diabetic SHR, P<0.05). Treatment of diabetic SHR with AUCB reduced the elevation in urinary albumin and nephrin excretion (albuminuria was 6.5± 0.5 in AUCB-treated diabetic SHR vs. 9± 1.7 mg/day in untreated diabetic SHR and nephrinuria was 70±11 in AUCB-treated diabetic SHR vs. 111± 9 μg/day in untreated diabetic SHR, P<0.05) whereas co-administration of SnMP with AUCB prevented these changes (albuminuria was 10.6± 0.6 mg/day and nephrinuria was 91±11 μg/day). Immunohistochemical analysis revealed elevations in renal fibrosis and apoptosis as evidenced by increased renal TGF-β, fibronectin and annexin V expression in diabetic SHR and these changes were reduced with sEH inhibition. Co-administration of SnMP with AUCB prevented its ability to reduce renal fibrosis and apoptosis in diabetic SHR. In addition, SnMP treatment also prevented AUCB-induced decreases in renal macrophage infiltration and renal TGF-β, NFκB and MCP-1 levels in diabetic SHR. These data suggest that HO-1 induction is involved in the protective effect of sEH inhibition against diabetic renal injury.

scholarly journals The Protective Effect of Total Flavones from Rhododendron simsii Planch. on Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Its Underlying Mechanism

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheng-Yong Luo ◽  
Qing-Hua Xu ◽  
Gong Peng ◽  
Zhi-Wu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion Injury ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Assay Method ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Rhododendron Simsii ◽  
Rhoa Activity ◽  
Protein Expressions

Objectives. Total flavones from Rhododendron simsii Planch. (TFR) are the effective part extracted from the flowers of Rhododendron simsii Planch. and have obvious protective effects against cerebral ischemic or myocardial injuries in rabbits and rats. However, their mechanism of cardioprotection is still unrevealed. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of TFR on myocardial I/R injury and the underlying mechanism. Methods. TFR groups were treated by gavage once a day for 3 days at a dose of 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg, respectively, and then the model of myocardial I/R injury was established. Myocardial infarction, ST-segment elevation, and the expression of UTR, ROCK1, ROCK2, and p-MLC protein in rat myocardium were determined at 90 min after reperfusion. UTR siRNA in vivo transfection and competition binding assay method were used to study the relationship between the protective effect of TFR and UTR. Results. The expression of UTR protein markedly decreased in myocardium of UTR siRNA transfection group rats. TFR could significantly reduce the infarct size and inhibit the increase of RhoA activity and ROCK1, ROCK2, and p-MLC protein expressions both in WT and UTR knockdown rats. The reducing rate of TFR in myocardial infarction area, RhoA activity, and ROCK1, ROCK2, and p-MLC protein expressions in UTR knockdown rats decreased markedly compared with that in WT rats. In addition, TFR had no obvious effect on the increase of ΣST in UTR knockdown rats in comparison with that in model group. In particular, TFR could significantly inhibit the combination of [I125]-hu-II and UTR, and IC50 was 0.854 mg/l. Conclusions. The results indicate that the protective effect of TFR on I/R injury may be correlated with its blocking UTR and the subsequent inhibition of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.

Changing the “When” and “What” of Intended Actions

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 2755-2762 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhvinder S. Obhi ◽  
Shannon Matkovich ◽  
Robert Chen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Simple Reaction Time ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Motor Preparation ◽  
Warning Stimulus ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanism ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reaction Time Condition

Humans often have to modify the timing and/or type of their planned actions on the basis of new sensory information. In the present experiments, participants planned to make a right index finger keypress 3 s after a warning stimulus but on some trials were interrupted by a temporally unpredictable auditory tone prompting the same action ( experiment 1) or a different action ( experiment 2). In experiment 1, by comparing the reaction time (RT) to tones presented at different stages of the preparatory period to RT in a simple reaction time condition, we determined the cost of switching from an internally generated mode of response production to an externally triggered mode in situations requiring only a change in when an action is made (i.e., when the tone prompts the action at a different time from the intended time of action). Results showed that the cost occurred for interruption tones delivered 200 ms after a warning stimulus and remained relatively stable throughout most of the preparatory period with a reduction in the magnitude of the cost during the last 200 ms prior to the intended time of movement. In experiment 2, which included conditions requiring a change in both when and what action is produced on the tone, results show a larger cost when the switched to action is different from the action being prepared. We discuss our results in the light of neurophysiological experiments on motor preparation and suggest that intending to act is accompanied by a general inhibitory mechanism preventing premature motor output and a specific excitatory process pertaining to the intended movement. Interactions between these two mechanisms could account for our behavioral results.

scholarly journals Development and Evaluation of Whey-based Herbal Beverages as Health Drink

2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (March) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Kanchana N ◽  
◽  
Veeranan Arun Giridhari V ◽  
Vijayalakshmi R ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Reducing Sugar ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Protein G ◽  
Total Soluble Solids ◽  
Sensory Acceptability ◽  
Titrable Acidity ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
The Cost

The present study aimed to developwhey-based herbal beverages and to evalautetheir physical, chemical, and sensory properties. The pH, titrable acidity (% lactic acid) and total soluble solids (⁰Brix) of whey used for the development of whey based herbal drinks were found to be 5.21, 0.23 and 6.4 respectively. The proximate composition of whey such as lactose (g/100g), protein (g/100g) and fat (g/100g) were 4.28, 0.28 and 0.13, respectively. The whey (65%), sugar (11%), H1 - brahmi extract (3%), H2 - mint extract (2%) and H3 - jaljeera powder (0.15%) were standardized for the formulation of whey-based herbal drinks. Among the three variations, whey-based jaljeera drink (H3) scored the highest sensory acceptability. The pH, titrable acidity (% citric acid), total soluble solids (⁰Brix), lactose (g/100g), protein (g/100g), fat (g/100g), total reducing sugar (g/100g), total sugar (g/100g), calcium (mg/100g), ascorbic acid (mg/100g) and total phenol (mgGAE/100g) of whey-jaljeera drink (H3) were 5.24, 0.21, 12.0, 2.78, 0.46, 0.30, 3.43, 14.43, 55.27, 0.12 and 14.26, respectively. The sensory attributes retention was high in glass (P2) compared to PET (P1). The sensory attributes were gradually decreased during the storage of room temperature (R1) than refrigerated temperature (R2). The cost of the formulated whey brahmi drink, whey mint drink, and whey jaljeera drinks were Rs.18.33/250ml, Rs.20.20/250ml and Rs.14.75/250ml, respectively. The study concluded that nutritionally rich whey-based herbal drinks can be recommended to all group of people.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF THE NEONATAL FC RECEPTOR IN THE UNCOATING OF ECHOVIRUSES AND COXSACKIEVIRUS A9

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 132-139
Author(s):  
P. S. Usoltseva ◽  
A. V. Alimov ◽  
A. V. Rezaykin ◽  
A. G. Sergeev ◽  
A. V. Novoselov
Keyword(s):  
Protective Effect ◽  
Cellular Receptor ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Neonatal Fc Receptor ◽  
Receptor Specificity ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Coxsackievirus A9 ◽  
Rd Cells ◽  
Adenovirus Receptor

The aim of this study was to determine the role of the human neonatal receptor for the Fc fragment of IgG (hFcRn) as a common uncoating cellular receptor for echoviruses and coxsackievirus A9 during infection of human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells. Material and methods. The protective effect of the human serum albumin, purified from globulins, (HSA-GF) and antibodies to hFcRn was studied in RD cells infected with several strains and clones of species B enteroviruses possessing different receptor specificity (echoviruses 3, 9, 11, 30 and coxsackieviruses A9, B4, B5). Results. It was shown that HSA-GF at concentrations of 4% or less protected RD cells from infection with echoviruses 3, 9, 11 and coxsackievirus A9. The antibodies to hFcRn at concentrations of 2.5 ug/mL or less demonstrated the similar spectrum of protective activity in RD cells against infection with echoviruses 3, 9, 11, 30 and coxsackievirus A9. The protective effect of HSA-GF or the antibodies to hFcRn was not observed in RD cells infected with coxsackieviruses B4 and B5 that need coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor for uncoating. Discussion. The usage of the previously characterized echovirus 11 clonal variants with different receptor specificity allowed us to define the function of hFcRn as a canyon-binding uncoating receptor in RD cells. The kinetics and magnitude of the observed protective effects correlated with receptor specificity of the enteroviruses used in this work supporting the two-step interaction of DAF-dependent echoviruses with the cellular receptors. Conclusions. In this study, the function of hFcRn was defined in RD cells as a canyon-binding and uncoating receptor for echoviruses and coxsackievirus A9. The two-step interaction of DAF-dependent echoviruses during entry into the cells was confirmed: initially with the binding receptor DAF and subsequently with the uncoating receptor hFcRn.

scholarly journals Allergen-Specific Treg Cells Upregulated by Lung-Stage S. japonicum Infection Alleviates Allergic Airway Inflammation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhidan Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Fang Luo ◽  
Jian Li ◽  
Wenbin Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Airway Inflammation ◽  
Lung Tissue ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Allergic Airway Inflammation ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Allergen Sensitization

Schistosoma japonicum infection showed protective effects against allergic airway inflammation (AAI). However, controversial findings exist especially regarding the timing of the helminth infection and the underlying mechanisms. Most previous studies focused on understanding the preventive effect of S. japonicum infection on asthma (infection before allergen sensitization), whereas the protective effects of S. japonicum infection (allergen sensitization before infection) on asthma were rarely investigated. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of S. japonicum infection on AAI using a mouse model of OVA-induced asthma. To explore how the timing of S. japonicum infection influences its protective effect, the mice were percutaneously infected with cercaria of S. japonicum at either 1 day (infection at lung-stage during AAI) or 14 days before ovalbumin (OVA) challenge (infection at post–lung-stage during AAI). We found that lung-stage S. japonicum infection significantly ameliorated OVA-induced AAI, whereas post–lung-stage infection did not. Mechanistically, lung-stage S. japonicum infection significantly upregulated the frequency of regulatory T cells (Treg cells), especially OVA-specific Treg cells, in lung tissue, which negatively correlated with the level of OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE). Depletion of Treg cells in vivo partially counteracted the protective effect of lung-stage S. japonicum infection on asthma. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis of lung tissue showed that lung-stage S. japonicum infection during AAI shaped the microenvironment to favor Treg induction. In conclusion, our data showed that lung-stage S. japonicum infection could relieve OVA-induced asthma in a mouse model. The protective effect was mediated by the upregulated OVA-specific Treg cells, which suppressed IgE production. Our results may facilitate the discovery of a novel therapy for AAI.

Protective effect of vanillin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative brain injury in rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 28 (7) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Makni ◽  
Yassine Chtourou ◽  
Mohamed Barkallah ◽  
Hamadi Fetoui
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Tetrachloride ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Brain Damage ◽  
Glutathione Transferase ◽  
Single Injection ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Degree Of Protection ◽  
Oxidative Brain Injury

This study investigated the protective effects of vanillin against acute brain damage induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in rats. The study was performed on 32 male rats divided into four groups: a control group, vanillin group ([Va] 150 mg/kg/day, intraperitoneally [i.p.]) and CCl4 toxication groups received a single injection of CCl4 (1 ml/kg, i.p.; CCl4 and Va + CCl4 groups). The degree of protection in brain tissue was evaluated by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase, glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase and nitric oxide (NO). Vanillin showed a significant brain-protective effect by decreasing the level of lipid peroxidation and NO2 and elevated the activities of antioxidative enzymes and level of GSH. Consequently vanillin blocked oxidative brain damage induced by CCl4 in rats.

Some Indian herbs have protective effects against deleterious effects of ochratoxin A in broiler chicks

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
S.D. Stoev ◽  
K. Dimitrov ◽  
I. Zarkov ◽  
T. Mircheva ◽  
D. Zapryanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Ochratoxin A ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Fine Powder ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Tinospora Cordifolia ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Protective Effects

A protective effect of two herbs, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Tinospora cordifolia, given as feed additives was observed against the growth inhibitory effect of ochratoxin A (OTA) and associated immunosuppression and biochemical or pathomorphological changes. The feed levels of 3 mg/kg OTA and fine powder of one of both herbs were given during a period of 32 days to female broiler chicks divided into 3 experimental and 1 control groups (14 chicks per group). The observed pathological and biochemical changes, the changes in relative organs’ weight and body weight, and the decrease of antibody titer against Newcastle disease were more pronounced in the OTA-treated chicks without herbal supplementation, and less pronounced in the chicks treated additionally with G. glabra or T. cordifolia as was shown by the better feed performance and the higher body weight in the chicks treated with the herbs. The higher relative weight of lymphoid organs of the chicks supplemented with both herbs revealed their beneficial effects on the immune system. The hepatoprotective effect of both herbs was evident, being stronger in the chicks additionally supplemented with G. glabra shown by the pathomorphological findings and by the lower levels of aspartate transaminase (131.1 U/l) compared to chicks given only OTA (156.0 U/l). A protective effect of T. cordifolia on the bone marrow and kidneys was found as was shown by the lower levels of uric acid (382.9 μmol/l) compared to chicks given only OTA (466.9 μmol/l).

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