Effects of nitrogen from different sources on mycelial biomass and polysaccharide production and pellet morphology in submerged cultures of Grifola frondosa

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 2937-2952
Author(s):  
Yi-Cheng Wang ◽  
Fang-Yi Lin ◽  
Tai-Hao Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Grifola Frondosa ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Mycelial Biomass ◽  
Submerged Cultures ◽  
Polysaccharide Production ◽  
Pellet Morphology

The effects of nitrogen in the medium on the production of mycelial biomass, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) was investigated in submerged cultures of Grifola frondosa. In addition, the effects on pellet morphology were examined. The maximum production levels of mycelial biomass (2.32 g/L), EPS (1.58 g/L), and IPS (29.1 mg/L) were obtained when the nitrogen sources in the medium were yeast extract, malt extract, and peptone, respectively. Using yeast extract as the nitrogen source yielded the maximum mycelial biomass, and morphological characterization revealed a composition of 47% large pellets (fraction L), 20% small pellets (fraction S), and 33% adhesive mycelia (fraction A). The maximum circularity value and the minimum roughness value of the pellets were observed using yeast extract cultures. Both the compactness (0.53) and circularity (0.15) of the pellets were the lowest among the seven types of nitrogen sources, but the roughness (2.86) was the highest in malt extract, which was the nitrogen source that resulted in maximum polysaccharide production. The results revealed that the production levels of mycelial biomass, EPS, and IPS of G. frondosa were associated with changes in pellet morphology due to the source of nitrogen in the medium.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM CULTURE CONDITIONS FOR MYCELIAL GROWTH OF Macrolepiota procera MUSHROOM

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Aysun Pekşen ◽  
Beyhan Kibar
Keyword(s):  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Culture Conditions ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
The Public ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Macrolepiota Procera

Macrolepiota procera, commonly called the Parasol Mushroom, is a delicious mushroom collected from the nature and commonly consumed by the public in many regions of Turkey. This study was conducted to determine the optimum culture conditions (pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources) for mycelial growth of M. procera. Three pH values (pH 5.0, 5.5 and 6.0), four incubation temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C), seven carbon (C) sources (dextrose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, sucrose and xylose) and six nitrogen (N) sources ((NH4)2HPO4, NH4NO3 and Ca(NO3)2, malt extract, peptone and yeast extract) were investigated. In the second step of the study, the effect of seven pH values (4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5 and 7.0) on the mycelial colony diameter was examined at 20 and 25°C since these temperatures gave the best mycelial growth in the previously conducted temperature experiment. The best mycelial growth was determined at pH 6.0. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of M. procera was found as 25°C. The use of glucose as carbon source and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen source in the culture medium gave the best results for mycelial growth. Determining of optimum culture conditions for mycelial growth of M. procera will provide important contributions to the fortcoming studies on it’s commercially cultivation in Turkey.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the process conditions for the production of microbial carotenoids by the recently isolated Rhodotorula mucilaginosa URM 7409

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whallans Raphael Couto Machado ◽  
Lucas Gomes da Silva ◽  
Ellen Silva Lago Vanzela ◽  
Vanildo Luiz Del Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Rhodotorula Mucilaginosa ◽  
Process Characteristics ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Microbial Carotenoids

Abstract This study aimed to improve the physical and nutritional process conditions for the production of carotenoids by the newly isolated Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, a red basidiomycete yeast. The carotenoid bioproduction was improved using an experimental design technique, changing the process characteristics of agitation (130 rpm to 230 rpm) and temperature (25 °C to 35 °C) using seven experiments, followed by a 25-1 fractional design to determine the relevant factors that constitute the culture medium (glucose, malt extract, yeast extract, peptone and initial pH). A complete second order experimental design was then carried out to optimize the composition of the culture medium, the variables being yeast extract (0.5 to 3.5 g/L), peptone (1 to 5 g/L) and the initial pH (5.5 to 7.5), with 17 experiments. The maximum carotenoid production was 4164.45 μg/L (252.99 μg/g), obtained in 144 h in YM (yeast malt) medium with 30 g/L glucose, 10 g/L malt extract, 2 g/L yeast extract, 3 g/L peptone, an initial pH 6, 130 rpm and 25 °C, demonstrating the potential of this yeast as a source of bio-pigments. In this work, the nitrogen sources were the factors that most influenced the intracellular accumulation of carotenoids. The yeast R. mucilaginosa presented high production at a bench level and may be promising for commercial production.

scholarly journals Influence of Nitrogen Sources on D-Lactic Acid Biosynthesis by Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus DSM 442 Strain

Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Alicja Katarzyna Michalczyk ◽  
Sylwia Garbaczewska ◽  
Bolesław Morytz ◽  
Arkadiusz Białek ◽  
Jerzy Zakrzewski
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Optical Purity ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Fermentation Medium ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Batch Cultures ◽  
Pea Seed

The purpose of this study was to explore the possibility of replacing an expensive yeast extract contained in the fermentation medium for D-lactic acid (D-LA, R-lactic acid) biosynthesis with an alternative nitrogen source. The screening studies were conducted under stationary conditions and showed that pea seed hydrolysate was the most beneficial substrate in the process of D-LA biosynthesis by the strain Sporolactobacillus laevolacticus DSM 442 among the used inorganic and organic nitrogen sources, waste materials, food and agricultural products. After 96 h, 75.5 g/L D-LA was obtained in batch cultures in a medium containing pea seed hydrolysate, with an average productivity of 0.79 g/L/h, yield of 75.5%, and optical purity of 99.4%. In batch cultures fed once, in a medium with an analogous composition, 122.6 g/L D-LA was obtained after 120 h, and the average yield, productivity and optical purity were 87.6%, 1.021 g/L/h, and 99.6%, respectively. Moreover, the amount of D-LA obtained in the fermentation medium enriched with the above-mentioned cheap agricultural product was similar to the amounts obtained in the medium containing yeast extract in both stationary and bioreactor cultures. Our research shows that hydrolyzed pea seeds, which belong to the legume family, may be a promising nitrogen source for the production of D-LA on an industrial scale.

scholarly journals Effects of Nitrogen Sources in Phytase Production on Bacterial Strains Isolated from Malaysia’s Hot Spring

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1S) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Nur Dinie Zailan ◽  
Nurul Asma Hasliza Zulkifly ◽  
Afnani Alwi ◽  
Siti Noor Syuhada Muhammad Amin ◽  
Nadiawati Alias
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Hot Spring ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Phytase Production ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Soybean Extract

Efficient strategies for phytase production gained increasing importance as more applications require high amounts of phytase for the market. Four phytase-producing bacterial strains isolated from Malaysia’s hot springs were used in this study to determine the effect of nitrogen sources on phytase production. All of the strains were screened out by applying halozone method which shows all of the strains were definitely positive phytase producer. Phytase Screening Medium (PSM) with soybean extract as substrate was used as a cultivation medium. Optimised condition with 1.0 % (w/v) of glucose (as carbon source), pH 5.5 and 37°C temperature was applied. Yeast extract and peptone were used to identify optimum nitrogen source in maximum phytase production. Quantitative analysis observed were optical density, colony forming unit, pH values and phytase activity to identify the effect of nitrogen source in phytase production. The finding was bacterial strain L3 as the best producer in producing maximum phytase (0.2162 U/mL) with optimised condition using yeast extract as nitrogen source. Findings in this study proved that yeast extract act as the optimum nitrogen source which contribute to maximum phytase production as supported by previous studies. This study can provide an efficient strategy to produce maximum phytase as few studies stated that phytase is an application tool in functional food production that consists of myo-inositol phosphates that is believed to have important pharmacological effects.

Screening of Nitrogen Sources in the Medium for Streptococcus thermophilus Using Plackett–Burman Design

2012 ◽  
Vol 531 ◽  
pp. 532-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
He Chen ◽  
Chuan Na Li ◽  
Guo Wei Shu ◽  
Chang Feng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Casein Hydrolysate ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Streptococcus Thermophilus ◽  
Meat Extract ◽  
Viable Bacteria ◽  
Burman Design ◽  
Soya Peptone ◽  
Plackett Burman Design

This study demonstrates that the type of nitrogen sources has an important influence on the growth of Streptococcus thermophilus.at the same time ,viable counts was studied by in the medium containing various nitrogen sources (peptone, yeast extract, meat extract, tryptone，soya peptone and casein hydrolysate). The results indicated that soya peptone was the most efficient nitrogen source and and the influence of different concentrations of soya peptone on growth was determined. The results indicated that viable bacteria were stimulated by the high soya peptone concentration (30g/L).

scholarly journals EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CULTURE CONDITION ON ANTIOXIDANT SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI ISOLATED FROM TURMERIC ROOT

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eris Septiana ◽  
Partomuan Simanjuntak
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Antioxidant Compound ◽  
Initial Ph

Antioxidant is an interesting topic due to their capability to inhibit free radical and prevent damage because of oxidative processes. Endophyt fungi is one of antioxidant compound resources in nature. The low yield to gain antioxidant compound from fungi challenges to look for the composition of media and optimalization of growth conditions. This research aimed to know the effect of medium condition in different carbon and nitrogen sources as well as initial pH towards antioxidant activity of endophyt fungi Bo.Ci.Cl.A3. Shaker fermentation was used on 120 rpm at room temperature for 14 days. The carbon sources were glucose, sucrose, and starch and nitrogen sources were NaNO3, NH4NO3, and yeast extract with initial pH at 5, 7, and 9. Ethyl acetate was used as extractor. The results showed that endophyt fungi can produce secondary metabolite as antioxidant at all variation of fermented media. The nitrogen source of yeast extract could increase antioxidant activity of endophyt fungi Bo.Ci.Cl.A3, while other sources such as nitrogen source, carbon sources, and different initial pH on the basal medium that were used did not give increasing antioxidant activity. The conclusion of this research was the substitution of nitrogen source with yeast extract (3 g/L) on the basal medium Czapek Dox’s Broth could increase antioxidant activity of endophyt fungi Bo.Ci.Cl.A3.

Hydroxylamines as One-Atom Nitrogen Sources for Metal-Catalyzed Cycloadditions

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinjun Luan ◽  
Jingxun Yu
Keyword(s):  
Transition Metal ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Nucleophilic Reagent ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Indole Derivatives ◽  
Electrophilic Amination ◽  
Intramolecular Cycloaddition ◽  
Transition Metal Catalyzed ◽  
Metal Catalyzed

AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed C–N bond formation is one of the most important pathways to synthesize N-heterocycles. Hydroxylamines can be transformed into a nucleophilic reagent to react with a carbon cation or coordinate with a transition metal; it can also become an electrophilic nitrogen source to react with arenes, alkenes, and alkynes. In this short review, the progress made on transition-metal-catalyzed cycloadditions with hydroxylamines as a nitrogen source is summarized.1 Introduction2 Cycloaddition To Form Aziridine Derivatives2.1 Intramolecular Cycloaddition To Form Aziridine Derivatives2.2 Intermolecular Cycloaddition To Form Aziridine Derivatives3 Cycloaddition To Form Indole Derivatives4 Cycloaddition To Form Other N-Heterocycles4.1 Aza-Heck-Type Amination Reactions4.2 Nitrene Insertion Amination Reactions4.3 Intramolecular Nucleophilic and Electrophilic Amination Reactions5 Conclusion and Outlook

scholarly journals Studies on the Role of the are a Gene in the Regulation of Nitrogen Catabolism in Aspergillus nidulans

1975 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 301 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Aspergillus Nidulans ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Selection Methods ◽  
Growth Responses ◽  
Dominance Relationships ◽  
Regulatory Circuits ◽  
Specific Activities

Mutants of Apergillus nidulanswith lesions in a gene, areA (formerly called amdT), have been isolated by a variety of different selection methods. The areA mutants show a range of pleiotropic growth responses to a number of compounds as sole nitrogen sources, but are normal in utilization of carbon sources. The levels of two amidase enzymes as well as urease have been investigated in the mutants and have been shown to be affected by this gene. Most of the areA mutants have much lower amidase-specific activities when grown in ammonium-containing medium, compared with mycelium incubated in medium la9king a nitrogen source. Some of the areA. mutants do not show derepression of urease upon relief of ammonium repression. The dominance relationships of areA alleles have been investigated in� heterozygous diploids, and these studies lend support to the proposal that areA codes for a positively acting regulatory product. One of the new areA alleles is partially dominant to areA + and areA102. This may be a result of negative complementation or indicate that areA has an additional negative reiuIatory function. Investigation.of various amdR; areA double mutants has led to the conclusion that amdR and areA participate in independent regulatory circuits in the control of acetamide utilizatiol1. Studies on an amdRc; areA.double mutant indicate that areA is involved in derepression of acetamidase upon relief of ammo.nium repression.

scholarly journals Varied Diazotrophies, Morphologies, and Toxicities of Genetically Similar Isolates of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii(Nostocales, Cyanophyceae) from Northern Australia

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1839-1845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin L. Saker ◽  
Brett A. Neilan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Vegetative Cell ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Cylindrospermopsis Raciborskii ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Fixed Nitrogen ◽  
Freeze Dried

ABSTRACT The potentially toxic freshwater cyanobacteriumCylindrospermopsis raciborskii has become increasingly prevalent in tropical and temperate water bodies worldwide. This paper investigates the effects of different nitrogen sources (NO3 −, NH4 +, and omission of a fixed form of nitrogen) on the growth rates, morphologies, and cylindrospermopsin (CYL) concentrations (expressed as a percentage of the freeze-dried weight) of seven C. raciborskii isolates obtained from a range of water bodies in northern Australia and grown in batch culture. In general, growth rates were lowest in the absence of a fixed-nitrogen source and highest with NH4 + as the nitrogen source. Conversely, the highest concentrations of CYL were recorded in cultures grown in the absence of a fixed-nitrogen source and the lowest were found in cultures supplied with NH4 +. Cultures supplied with NO3 − were intermediate with respect to both CYL concentration and growth rate. Different nitrogen sources resulted in significant differences in the morphology of C. raciborskii trichomes. Most notable were the loss of heterocysts and the tapering of end cells in cultures supplied with NH4 + and the statistically significant increase in vegetative cell length (nitrogen depleted < NO3 − < NH4 +). The morphological changes induced by different nitrogen sources were consistent for all isolates, despite measurable differences in vegetative-cell and heterocyst dimensions among isolates. Such induced morphological variation has implications forCylindrospermopsis taxonomy, given that distinctions between species are based on minor and overlapping differences in cell lengths and widths. The close phylogenetic association among all seven isolates was confirmed by the high level (>99.8%) of similarity of their 16S rRNA gene sequences. Another genetic technique, analysis of the HIP1 octameric-palindrome repeated sequence, showed greater heterogeneity among the isolates and appears to be a useful method for distinguishing among isolates of C. raciborskii.

scholarly journals Mutants affecting histidine utilization inAspergillus nidulans

1975 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryl Polkinghorne ◽  
M. J. Hynes
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Source ◽  
Sole Carbon Source ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Sole Nitrogen Source ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Exogenous Substrate ◽  
Growth Properties ◽  
Type Strains

SUMMARYWild-type strains ofAspergillus nidulansgrow poorly onL-histidine as a sole nitrogen source. The synthesis of the enzyme histidase (EC. 4.3.1.3) appears to be a limiting factor in the growth of the wild type, as strains carrying the mutantareA102 allele have elevated histidase levels and grow strongly on histidine as a sole nitrogen source.L-Histidine is an extremely weak sole carbon source for all strains.Ammonium repression has an important role in the regulation of histidase synthesis and the relief of ammonium repression is dependent on the availability of a good carbon source. The level of histidase synthesis does not respond to the addition of exogenous substrate.Mutants carrying lesions in thesarA orsarB loci (suppressor ofareA102) have been isolated. The growth properties of these mutants on histidine as a sole nitrogen source correlate with the levels of histidase synthesized. Mutation at thesarA andsarB loci also reduces the utilization of a number of other nitrogen sources. The data suggest that these two genes may code for regulatory products involved in nitrogen catabolism. No histidase structural gene mutants were identified and possible explanations of this are discussed.

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