scholarly journals Statistical prediction of biogas and methane yields during anaerobic digestion based on the composition of lignocellulosic biomass

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7086-7100
Author(s):  
Agata Stachowiak–Wencek ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Hanna Waliszewska ◽  
Sławomir Borysiak ◽  
Bogusława Waliszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Independent Features ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

In the described study, the relationships between the percentage and structure of selected lignocellulosic components and the efficiency of their anaerobic digestion and the quality of the produced biogas were analyzed. This research included various lignocellulosic raw materials. The biogas efficiency and quality tests were carried out according to DIN standard 38 414-8 (1985) and VDI standard 4630 (2016). Multiple TAPPI standards and the Seifert method were used to determine the chemical composition of the lignocellulose materials. Lignin structure analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Wide-angle X-Ray scattering analysis was used to determine the degree of crystallinity of cellulose. The biogas was positively correlated with C=O and the syringyl to guaiacyl ratio, and negatively correlated with the crystalline structure of cellulose, lignin, cellulose, and extractives. In addition, methane was positively correlated with holocellulose and extractives and negatively correlated with the crystalline structure of cellulose, cellulose, substances soluble in NaOH, and the OH groups. The found independent features accounted for 86.0% of the biogas variability and 68.0% of the methane variability.

Study of the Activated Charcoal Structure from Water Hyacinth Based on Carbonization Temperature Variations and Activators

2021 ◽  
Vol 1028 ◽  
pp. 326-330
Author(s):  
Otong Nurhilal ◽  
Sahrul Hidayat ◽  
Dadan Sumiarsa ◽  
Maykel Manawan ◽  
Risdiana
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Material ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Water Hyacinth ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lithium Sulfur Batteries ◽  
Amorphous Structures ◽  
Degree Of Graphitization ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

The quality of the carbon material for application of electrodes in the battery is indicated by its ability to intercalate ions, atoms or molecules. Graphite is a carbon material with good intercalation capability. In this research, a carbon material in the form of activated charcoal produced from biomass of water hyacinth has been prepared, which is carbonized at various temperatures of 400, 500, and 600 °C with three different activators of ZnCl2, KOH and H3PO4. The activated charcoal will be used as a cathode composite in lithium sulfur batteries. To determine the quality of the activated charcoal, the structure properties of activated charcoal were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Several parameters that are determined from XRD data included the degree of crystallinity, and the degree of graphitization (Y). The degree of crystallinity was found in the ranges between 5.56 and 12.6%, where activated charcoal was dominated by amorphous structures. The value of the degree of graphitization was about 36%.

scholarly journals Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3536
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kamaruddin Waesateh ◽  
Abdulhakim Masa ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler–matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al–OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750–3600 cm−1 and 825–725 cm−1, indicating decrease in Al–OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler–matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.

The Effect of Temperature Synthesis on the Purity and Crystallinity of Hydroxyapatite

2020 ◽  
Vol 860 ◽  
pp. 228-233
Author(s):  
Azhari Yusuf ◽  
Norman Maulana Muhammad ◽  
Atiek Rostika Noviyanti ◽  
Risdiana
Keyword(s):  
Synthesis Temperature ◽  
Hexagonal Structure ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Temperature Synthesis ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Hydrothermal Methods

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a calcium phosphate compound [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] which is non-toxic and has high biocompatibility. HA can be synthesized from natural basic ingredients with high calcium carbonate (CaCO3) content such as chicken eggshells. Here, we reported the synthesis of HA from chicken eggshells by hydrothermal methods. The effects of temperature synthesis of 120 °C and 230 °C on the purity and crystallinity were investigated in order to get information about best synthesis temperature for producing high quality of HA. The structure and crystallinity of HA were determined by XRD and FTIR. Morphology of HA is determined by TEM, while the composition was determined by XRF, respectively. High purity samples of HA with hexagonal structure of P63/m were successfully obtained with synthesis temperature of 120 °C and 230 °C. For HA synthesized in 120°C, the purity was 97.7%, while for HA synthesized in 230 °C, the purity was 97.8%. Two types of impurities, namely Ca(OH)2 and tricalcium phosphate (TCP) ware detected in both samples, It was also obtained the degree of crystallinity of 26.86% and 56.46% for samples synthesized at 120 °C and 230 °C, respectively. HA synthesized with at 230 °C has a higher and better crystallinity.

scholarly journals Powder diffraction of yellow and red natural earths from Lessini Mountains in NE Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cavallo ◽  
Maria Pia Riccardi ◽  
Roberto Zorzin
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

A first attempt to differentiate goethite- and hematite-based natural materials, used for several purposes during the Late Palaeolithic in the Lessini Mountains (Italy), is here proposed. All raw materials were collected from known geological sites within a distance of about 20 km from archaeological excavations (Tagliente and Fumane caves) where ochre fragments were found. X-ray powder diffraction allowed the mineralogical composition of samples collected from carbonate and volcanic geological host and parent rocks to be inferred; in addition, a preliminary distinction based on the different mineral assemblages, on the presence of distinctive mineral phases and on the degree of crystallinity of some compounds such as hematite, became possible. The acquired data thus represent a sort of preliminary inventory for provenance studies on archaeological samples originating in the same region, for which ancillary micro-analytical and geochemical techniques are planned.

scholarly journals Determination of the Degree of Crystallinity of Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4356
Author(s):  
Evgeniy M. Chistyakov ◽  
Sergey N. Filatov ◽  
Elena A. Sulyanova ◽  
Vladimir V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Destruction ◽  
Polymer Melt ◽  
Boron Trifluoride Etherate ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

A new method for purification of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline using citric acid was developed and living cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was carried out. Polymerization was conducted in acetonitrile using benzyl chloride—boron trifluoride etherate initiating system. According to DSC data, the temperature range of melting of the crystalline phase of the resulting polymer was 95–180 °C. According to small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction data, the degree of crystallinity of the polymer was 12%. Upon cooling of the polymer melt, the polymer became amorphous. Using thermogravimetric analysis, it was found that the thermal destruction of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) started above 209 °C.

Microstructure of Thermally Crosslinkable Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) (Pet-co-Xta) Benzocyclobutene Functionalized Copolymers

1996 ◽  
Vol 461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brendan J. Foran ◽  
Elizabeth Pingel ◽  
Gary E. Spilman ◽  
Larry J. Markoski ◽  
Tao Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Stable Flame ◽  
Poly Ethylene ◽  
Crystalline Domains ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

ABSTRACTThe microstructure and thermal properties of copolymers of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containing a crosslinkable terephthalic acid, 1,2-dihydrocyc Iobutabenzene 3,6 dicarboxylic acid (XTA) are reported. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) show that the addition of XTA does not alter the PET crystal structure in copolymers at low XTA contents. However, the degree of crystallinity drops for higher XTA levels. WAXS profiles show that PET-co-XTA 50% is amorphous, and that PEXTA homopolymer has a different crystal structure. Thermal data from DSC and TGA show that crosslinking of the benzocyclobutene groups (∼350°C) occurs at temperatures between melting (∼250°C) and degradation (∼400°C), making it possible to melt process the copolymers into fibers before the onset of crosslinking. Limiting oxygen index (LOI) measurements show that increased oxygen concentrations are required to sustain a stable flame in PET-co-XTA copolymers; whereas unmodified PET had an LOI value of -18%, the copolymers had LOI values near 32%. Further, while unmodified PET melts and drips as it burns, XTA copolymers formed a stable char that inhibiting flame propagation. An increased char was observed in optical micrographs for XTA containing polymers, and crystalline domains were observed near the burn surface in transmission electron micrographs.

Effect of Alkali Treatment on Crystalline Structure of Cellulose Fiber from Mendong (Fimbristylis globulosa) Straw

2013 ◽  
Vol 594-595 ◽  
pp. 720-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Suryanto ◽  
Eko Marsyahyo ◽  
Yudy Surya Irawan ◽  
Rudy Soenoko
Keyword(s):  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Cellulose Fiber ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naoh Solution ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Treatment Concentration

The research aim is to investigate the effect of alkali treatment on the crystalline structure of Mendong fiber. The experiment was conducted by immerse fibers in 100 ml NaOH solution by a concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% for 2 hours at the room temperature. The specimens were characterized by X-ray diffraction method. The morphology of fiber treated by alkali was observed by Scanning Electron Microscope. The result shows that the crystalline structure of cellulose in Mendong fiber was changed in alkali treatment. It was found that both the degree of crystallinity and crystalline index of Mendong fiber was increased until alkali treatment concentration of 7.5%.

Application of Melt Extrusion Process for an In Situ Polymers Blend of Cellulose with Polyethylene Glycol in the Presence of Ionic Liquid

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 667-671
Author(s):  
Magdi E. Gibril ◽  
Xin Da Li ◽  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
Xuan Zhong ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

To modifying cellulose through an eco-friendly process, an in-situ chemical blend modification of microcrystalline cellulose with PEG2000 was conducted by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder through a reactive extrusion process in the presence of IL namely, 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride which, was acting as plasticizer and solvent for cellulose . The modified cellulose (cellulose/PEG) was characterized by polarization optical images (POM), FT-IR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis. The POM and XRD confirmed that cellulose I was changed into cellulose II. The FTIR and X-ray scattering showed that the cellulose hydrogen bond was disturbed through the extrusion, and strong interactions occurred between cellulose molecules and PEG which improved the thermal stability and decreased the degree of crystallinity.

Optimize the Process that choose the Acetic Acid to Pretreat the Straw Biomass of Raw Materials which Used to Photosynthetic Hydrogen Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 534-539
Author(s):  
Dan Ping Jiang ◽  
Quan Guo Zhang ◽  
Xiang Wei Shen ◽  
Jiang Zhi Yue ◽  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

The main purpose of the pretreatment of straw raw materials which used to produce hydrogen is to remove lignin and hemicellulose, reduce the degree of crystallinity of cellulose, as well as improve the porosity of the matrix is the key technology of cellulose into hydrogen,which designed to improve the materials, low the production costs. This paper mainly studies how to process the optimization that used Straw biomass of raw materials which pretreated with acetic acid to hydrogen production. To optimize the process of pretreatment of acetic acid. separat the rate of sugar yield as the ability of straw biomass of raw materials to product hydrogen, The results show that: when the particle size of the agriculture as a straw is straw with 25% acetic acid used and the solid-liquid ratio is 1:20, to pretreat 30min at 121 °C, can get the highest sugar rate.

Crystallization-enhanced emission through hydrogen-bond interactions in blends containing hydroxyl-functionalized azine and poly(4-vinyl pyridine)

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (24) ◽  
pp. 4828-4834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tai-Shen Hsiao ◽  
Shiang-Lin Deng ◽  
Ke-Ying Shih ◽  
Jin-Long Hong
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bond ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
Fluorescent Material ◽  
Emission Efficiency ◽  
Hydrogen Bond Interactions ◽  
Vinyl Pyridine ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

An organic azine derivative of CN4OH, containing both para- and ortho-hydroxyl (o- and p-OH) groups, is a fluorescent material with an emission efficiency dependent on the degree of crystallinity.

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