Optimize the Process that choose the Acetic Acid to Pretreat the Straw Biomass of Raw Materials which Used to Photosynthetic Hydrogen Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 512-515 ◽  
pp. 534-539
Author(s):  
Dan Ping Jiang ◽  
Quan Guo Zhang ◽  
Xiang Wei Shen ◽  
Jiang Zhi Yue ◽  
Yi Wang
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

The main purpose of the pretreatment of straw raw materials which used to produce hydrogen is to remove lignin and hemicellulose, reduce the degree of crystallinity of cellulose, as well as improve the porosity of the matrix is the key technology of cellulose into hydrogen,which designed to improve the materials, low the production costs. This paper mainly studies how to process the optimization that used Straw biomass of raw materials which pretreated with acetic acid to hydrogen production. To optimize the process of pretreatment of acetic acid. separat the rate of sugar yield as the ability of straw biomass of raw materials to product hydrogen, The results show that: when the particle size of the agriculture as a straw is straw with 25% acetic acid used and the solid-liquid ratio is 1:20, to pretreat 30min at 121 °C, can get the highest sugar rate.

The Influence Factors of Compressive Strength and Production of Mineral Polymer of Aluminum Rocks in Xiuwen County, Guizhou Province, China

2013 ◽  
Vol 690-693 ◽  
pp. 1086-1090
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Qiong Qiong Li ◽  
Yu Qiang Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Water Glass ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Polymer Materials ◽  
Guizhou Province ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Alkaline Activator ◽  
Solid Liquid

Aluminous rocks from Xiuwen County, Guizhou are the main raw materials, mixed some kaolin mineral. Water glass and alkaline activators are used to product polymer materials, the main experimental indicators are the compressive strength. Here, the studies on amount of water glass and alkaline activator, solid-liquid ratio, amount of kaolin and effects on compressive strength of Geopolymer have been proceeded respectively. The result shows that: the highest compressive strength of geopolymers is17.94 Mpa, with aluminous rock 40g, solid-liquid ratio 2.2, water glass12g and alkali activator 2.01g, as well as kaolin 18.02g.

scholarly journals Powder diffraction of yellow and red natural earths from Lessini Mountains in NE Italy

2015 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Cavallo ◽  
Maria Pia Riccardi ◽  
Roberto Zorzin
Keyword(s):  
Powder Diffraction ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Ne Italy ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
Mineral Assemblages ◽  
Parent Rocks ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

A first attempt to differentiate goethite- and hematite-based natural materials, used for several purposes during the Late Palaeolithic in the Lessini Mountains (Italy), is here proposed. All raw materials were collected from known geological sites within a distance of about 20 km from archaeological excavations (Tagliente and Fumane caves) where ochre fragments were found. X-ray powder diffraction allowed the mineralogical composition of samples collected from carbonate and volcanic geological host and parent rocks to be inferred; in addition, a preliminary distinction based on the different mineral assemblages, on the presence of distinctive mineral phases and on the degree of crystallinity of some compounds such as hematite, became possible. The acquired data thus represent a sort of preliminary inventory for provenance studies on archaeological samples originating in the same region, for which ancillary micro-analytical and geochemical techniques are planned.

scholarly journals Research on the Extraction Process in Aqueous Two-Phase System of Moringa Leaf Flavonoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 267 ◽  
pp. 02010
Author(s):  
Rui Wang ◽  
Xueqin Zhang ◽  
Qian Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ultrasonic Extraction ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Phase System ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Aqueous Two Phase System ◽  
Solid Liquid

Moringa leaves were used as raw materials, ethanol and ammonium sulfate were used to construct a aqueous two-phase system to extract the flavonoids from Moringa leaves. The solid-liquid ratio, ethanol content, ultrasonic extraction time, and ultrasonic extraction temperature were selected as single factors, and the extraction process of flavonoids was optimized through single-factor experiments and orthogonal experiments. The optimal process was: 1:110 of solid-liquid ratio, 45 % of ethanol concentration, 15 minutes of ultrasonic extraction time, 70 °C of ultrasonic extraction temperature. Under this condition, the extraction rate of Moringa leaf flavonoids reached 8.37 %.

scholarly journals Statistical prediction of biogas and methane yields during anaerobic digestion based on the composition of lignocellulosic biomass

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7086-7100
Author(s):  
Agata Stachowiak–Wencek ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Hanna Waliszewska ◽  
Sławomir Borysiak ◽  
Bogusława Waliszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Independent Features ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

In the described study, the relationships between the percentage and structure of selected lignocellulosic components and the efficiency of their anaerobic digestion and the quality of the produced biogas were analyzed. This research included various lignocellulosic raw materials. The biogas efficiency and quality tests were carried out according to DIN standard 38 414-8 (1985) and VDI standard 4630 (2016). Multiple TAPPI standards and the Seifert method were used to determine the chemical composition of the lignocellulose materials. Lignin structure analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Wide-angle X-Ray scattering analysis was used to determine the degree of crystallinity of cellulose. The biogas was positively correlated with C=O and the syringyl to guaiacyl ratio, and negatively correlated with the crystalline structure of cellulose, lignin, cellulose, and extractives. In addition, methane was positively correlated with holocellulose and extractives and negatively correlated with the crystalline structure of cellulose, cellulose, substances soluble in NaOH, and the OH groups. The found independent features accounted for 86.0% of the biogas variability and 68.0% of the methane variability.

Study on Antioxidant Activity of Pigment in Black Soybean Peel

2014 ◽  
Vol 881-883 ◽  
pp. 378-383
Author(s):  
Qiong Jie Li ◽  
Chun Ling Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Superoxide Anion ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Black Soybean ◽  
Solid Liquid ◽  
Better Than

With black soybean as raw materials, 50% ethanol as the extractant, at 70°C, pH1.0, solid-liquid ratio of 1:100(g:mL), at 90min were used to extract the pigment of black soybean Through the establishment of DPPH•,•OH, superoxide anion free radicals, reducing power and hydrogen peroxide. The results show: its ability of scavenging DPPH•, •OH, hydrogen peroxide is far better than ascorbic acid. The pigment at concentration of 0.6mg/mL shows a scavenging rate for DPPH• up to 88.29%,and for •OH 89.36%,for hydrogen peroxide89.75%.In addition，the general reducing power and scavenging rate for superoxide anion solution of the pigment are a little worse than those of ascorbic acid.

Process Optimization of Hemicelluloses Lye Extraction from Sugarcane Bagasse

2012 ◽  
Vol 581-582 ◽  
pp. 1206-1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Jun Wang ◽  
Xin Liang Liu ◽  
Meng Ling Weng ◽  
Zhou Jun Li ◽  
Fu Sheng Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Yield ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Alkali Consumption ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Solid Liquid

Sugarcane bagasses were used as raw materials to produce the hemicelluloses, and the effects of temperature, alkali consumption, time and liquid to solid ratio on the extraction yield of hemicelluloses were investigated. Through the analysis of the response surface method, results were concluded that the best extraction process conditions were as follows: NaOH concentration 10.60%, extraction time 4.34 h, solid-liquid ratio 1:40.59, actual extraction rate is 31.486%, corresponding to the model prediction 31.4447% basically.

scholarly journals Beneficiation of phosphate-siliceous slates via acetic acid

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerkebulan Raiymbekov ◽  
Uilesbek Besterekov ◽  
Perizat Abdurazova ◽  
Ulzhalgas Nazarbek ◽  
Galiya Kambarova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Diffusion Region ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Solid Ratio ◽  
Working Parameters ◽  
Solid Liquid

Abstract Low grade phosphate-siliceous slates dump samples (about 11.98% P2O5) from Zhanatas deposit, Karatau basin, Kazakhstan were subjected to upgrading in the present study. The suggested upgrading route was to get rid of most of the inorganic carbonates via leaching using organic acids like acetic acid. The effect of leaching temperature, dissolution time, and solid/liquid ratio were studied as the main determental working parameters. It was concluded that a concentrate product containing about 21% P2O5 was produced after leaching with acetic acid at optimum conditions: 30 C0, 15 min, and 3:1 liquid/solid ratio. The calculated apparent activation energy of the leaching process showed that the process took place in the intra-diffusion region.

Modeling Particle Size and Clumping Effects in the IR Absorbance Spectra of Dilute Powders

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (12) ◽  
pp. 1553-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Pecharromán ◽  
Juan E. Iglesias
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Material ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Absolute Calibration ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Close Match ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Absorbance Spectra

The calculation of the IR absorbance of a powdered crystalline, ionic material, diluted in an appropriate IR-transparent matrix in a known proportion, is in principle possible, provided that the size and shape distributions of the particles, as well as the optical parameters of the bulk material, and those of the matrix, are known, and, in the case of the FT-IR technique, whether absolute calibration is possible, particularly at high absorbance values. In practice, a close match between observed and calculated absorbance is hindered by several factors intrinsic to the sample that are difficult to quantify, such as the degree of crystallinity of the particles and the very common clumping and aggregation of these particles, which produce a serious problem in the determination of the real filling factor of the composite sample. Some remedies to these problems are proposed in this paper and are applied to several well-known materials.

Influence of processing on the digestibility of amino acids and starch in cereals and legumes in non-ruminants

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (11) ◽  
pp. 1160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Trypsin Inhibitor Activity ◽  
Processing Plant ◽  
Plant Proteins ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Raw Starch ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

Non-ruminant livestock diets in most regions of the world are based on cereals and plant proteins that are particularly important in view of the current ban on animal proteins within the European Union, although they are still valuable raw materials elsewhere. The major component of cereals is starch that makes a significant contribution to energy-yielding value. Starch has traditionally been viewed as being very well digested, although, increasingly, this statement is being challenged. Thus, native (raw) starch is, to a varying degree depending on the origin, crystalline which is less well digested than is amorphous starch. Processing (invariably heat treatment) reduces the degree of crystallinity of starch, leading to better digestibility, particularly in young animals. For newly weaned pigs, processing can overcome, to an extent, the post-weaning growth check. Extrusion can improve the coefficient of apparent digestibility of starch in wheat three-quarters along the small intestine, from a range of 0.50 to 0.85 (raw) to 0.95. Plant proteins invariably contain naturally occurring anti-nutritive factors, principally trypsin inhibitors that are particularly important in soya beans but also occasionally in peas. The inhibitors are heat labile and denatured by heat. There are several technologies available for processing plant proteins, but a key message is that equipment operates under variable conditions of temperature, duration and moisture addition. Over-processing risks protein being denatured; for example, a trypsin inhibitor activity of 1.5 mg/g is associated with a reduction in amino acid digestibility. It is crucial that processing conditions are defined accurately rather than simply providing the name of the equipment.

scholarly journals Technologies for production of green hydrogen and hydrogen based synthetic fuels

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 23-39
Author(s):  
Van Nhu Nguyen ◽  
Nhu Tung Truong
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Water Electrolysis ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Electrolysis Process ◽  
Production Technologies

Hydrogen is an essential material/fuel for industry and energy conversion. The processes for producing hydrogen depend on the raw materials and energy source used. In terms of climate impacts, the most promising hydrogen production method is water electrolysis. The regenerative electrolysis process depends on the carbon intensity of the electricity and the efficiency of converting that electricity into hydrogen. The development of technologies to extract hydrogen (from conventional and renewable resources) tends to optimise the water electrolysis process using renewable energies by extending material durability, increasing performance efficiency, and reducing precious metal contents in catalysts, thereby lowering the production costs. The article introduces the latest advances in green hydrogen production technologies using renewable energies, particularly focusing on water and seawater electrolysis, combining electrolysis and solar energy as well as hydrogen-based synthetic fuel production, hydrogen production from biomass and biogas.

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