Application of Melt Extrusion Process for an In Situ Polymers Blend of Cellulose with Polyethylene Glycol in the Presence of Ionic Liquid

2013 ◽  
Vol 395-396 ◽  
pp. 667-671
Author(s):  
Magdi E. Gibril ◽  
Xin Da Li ◽  
Hai Feng Li ◽  
Xuan Zhong ◽  
Huan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Optical Images ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

To modifying cellulose through an eco-friendly process, an in-situ chemical blend modification of microcrystalline cellulose with PEG2000 was conducted by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder through a reactive extrusion process in the presence of IL namely, 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride which, was acting as plasticizer and solvent for cellulose . The modified cellulose (cellulose/PEG) was characterized by polarization optical images (POM), FT-IR, XRD and thermogravimetric analysis. The POM and XRD confirmed that cellulose I was changed into cellulose II. The FTIR and X-ray scattering showed that the cellulose hydrogen bond was disturbed through the extrusion, and strong interactions occurred between cellulose molecules and PEG which improved the thermal stability and decreased the degree of crystallinity.

Green Process for Preparing Cellulose/Reactive Epoxy (BGE) through an In Situ Chemical Blend (Pre-Hybrid Polymer Bio-Composite)

2013 ◽  
Vol 842 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Magdi E. Gibril ◽  
Xin Da Li ◽  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Ke Qing Han ◽  
Mu Huo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Glycidyl Ether ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Obvious Effect ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Butyl Glycidyl Ether

Reactive extrusion as a green has been applied for cellulose/ Butyl Glycidyl Ether (BGE) in-situ chemical blend modification, process was conducted by using co-rotating twin-screw extruder through a reactive extrusion process in presence of IL (1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) which was acts as plasticizer and solvent. The blended materials (cellulose/BGE) were characterized by SEM, elemental analysis, FT-IR, XRD, and thermogravimetric analysis. The SEM showed a good compatibility between cellulose and BGE molecules. FTIR and X-ray diffraction are showed that the hydrogen bonds of cellulose was disturbed through the extrusion, and strong interactions occurred between cellulose molecules and BGE, which was an obvious effect on the thermal stability and the degree of crystallinity (decreased).

Effects of the Different Crystallization Time on Synthesis of Zeolite 4A from by-Products of Polysilicon Production Process

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
Xing Yong Liu ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Hong Chen ◽  
Wei Wei
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Crystallization Time ◽  
Crystallinity Degree ◽  
Structure Morphology ◽  
Zeolite 4A ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
By Products

Pure form,single phase and high crystalline zeolite 4A samples were synthesized during hydrothermal treatment of by-products in polysilicon production process. The effects of the different crystallization time on the degree of crystallinity, skeleton structure, morphology, size of the particle and its distribution of zeolite 4A samples were investigated using XRD,FT-IR,SEM and Zetasizer. The results indicated that the zeolite 4A sample featured high crystallinity degree, excellent dispersivity, high purity and single structure.

scholarly journals Selectively Etched Halloysite Nanotubes as Performance Booster of Epoxidized Natural Rubber Composites

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 3536
Author(s):  
Indra Surya ◽  
Kamaruddin Waesateh ◽  
Abdulhakim Masa ◽  
Nabil Hayeemasae
Keyword(s):  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Halloysite Nanotubes ◽  
Epoxidized Natural Rubber ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Natural Rubber Composites ◽  
Matrix Interactions ◽  
Strain Induced Crystallization ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

Halloysite Nanotubes (HNT) are chemically similar to clay, which makes them incompatible with non-polar rubbers such as natural rubber (NR). Modification of NR into a polar rubber is of interest. In this work, Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) was prepared in order to obtain a composite that could assure filler–matrix compatibility. However, the performance of this composite was still not satisfactory, so an alternative to the basic HNT filler was pursued. The surface area of HNT was further increased by etching with acid; the specific surface increased with treatment time. The FTIR spectra confirmed selective etching on the Al–OH surface of HNT with reduction in peak intensity in the regions 3750–3600 cm−1 and 825–725 cm−1, indicating decrease in Al–OH structures. The use of acid-treated HNT improved modulus, tensile strength, and tear strength of the filled composites. This was attributed to the filler–matrix interactions of acid-treated HNT with ENR. Further evidence was found from the Payne effect being reduced to 44.2% through acid treatment of the filler. As for the strain-induced crystallization (SIC) in the composites, the stress–strain curves correlated well with the degree of crystallinity observed from synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering.

scholarly journals Green Fabrication of Thermal-stable oxidized Cellulose Nanocrystals by Evolutive Fenton Reaction and In-Situ Nanoreinforced Thermoplastic Starch

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingbing Gao ◽  
Jiahui Yang ◽  
Shuidong Zhang ◽  
Xiangyu Li
Keyword(s):  
Fenton Reaction ◽  
Primary Alcohol ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Thermoplastic Starch ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Carboxyl Content ◽  
In Situ Forming ◽  
Interfacial Compatibility

Abstract High performances fiber and improved interfacial interaction can enhance the properties of polymer composites. Herein, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was oxidized by H2O2/CuSO4, a new Fenton process, to achieve oxidized MCC (OCNCs) with 16 ± 1% carboxyl content. Noteworthy, the thermal stability of OCNC was superior to CNC prepared by acid hydrolysis. Interestingly, the primary alcohol groups of MCC were selective oxidized and OCNCs achieved 11.0 nm, 231.6 nm and 72% of average diameter, length and degree of crystallinity, respectively. Then glycerol, starch and OCNCs were reactive extruded to fabricate TPS/OCNC bionanocomposites and their structure and performances were evaluated systematically. Strikingly, significant improvement in glass transition temperature (from 63.1 to 94.5 °C) and notch impact strength (from 1.3 to 3.9 kJ/m2) were noted for the amorphous TPS/OCNC with 1 wt% OCNC, and its tensile strength achieved 20.5 MPa, simultaneously. The improved mechanism of these performances was assigned to In-Situ forming “Carboxyl-Hydroxyl” hydrogen bonds which acted as the physically cross-linking interactions and improved the interfacial compatibility. We showcase Fenton reaction and reactive extrusion as the facile strategy to prepare sustainable and biodegradable TPS/OCNC bionanocomposites with properties more suitable for daily applications to replace petroleum-based plastic and eliminated the pollution of “microplastics.”

scholarly journals Experimental and modelling aspects of the reactive extrusion process

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Cassagnau ◽  
Véronique Bounor-Legaré ◽  
Bruno Vergnes
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Reactor ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Twin Screw Extruders ◽  
Single Screw Extruders ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
On Line ◽  
Screw Extruders ◽  
Continuous Chemical

Reactive extrusion consists in using an extruder as a continuous chemical reactor. It is not a recent process, but it has been rapidly developed during the last thirty years and is more and more used today for the chemical modification of existing polymers. Among the various extrusion systems (single screw extruders, counter- and corotating twin-screw extruders, co-kneaders), the corotating twin-screw extruders are today the most widely used in reactive extrusion. After a presentation of the main advantages and drawbacks of the reactive extrusion, we will describe the way to control the process through on-line and in-line monitoring. Then, a modelling approach based on continuum mechanics will be presented, followed by an example of industrial applications of this particular process.

On-Line Rheometry for Twin-Screw Extrusion (Along the Extruder) and its Applications

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Maia ◽  
O. S. Carneiro ◽  
A. V. Machado ◽  
J. A. Covas
Keyword(s):  
Reactive Systems ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Extrusion Process ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Capillary Rheometry ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
On Line ◽  
Dispersive Mixing ◽  
Carbon Fibre Composites

Abstract Due to a number of practical difficulties, both in- and on-line measurements of the rheological properties of complex systems during extrusion are usually performed at the end of the extruder, under very specific experimental conditions. This makes this type of instruments more useful for quality control than for process optimisation, since information about the influence of the geometry and/or processing conditions on the evolution of the material characteristics inside the extruder is not easily gathered. Recently, however, the authors have developed an on-line capillary rheometry system that overcomes most of the existing problems and allows small amounts of sample to be tested in very near real time, along the extruder. The present work aims at illustrating the usefulness of this concept for the study of physical compounding processes and some reactive systems. Two very different systems will be used for that purpose: a reactive extrusion process (the peroxide-induced thermal degradation of polypropylene) and the dispersive mixing involved in the preparation of thermoplastic/carbon fibre composites.

scholarly journals Determination of the Degree of Crystallinity of Poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 4356
Author(s):  
Evgeniy M. Chistyakov ◽  
Sergey N. Filatov ◽  
Elena A. Sulyanova ◽  
Vladimir V. Volkov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Destruction ◽  
Polymer Melt ◽  
Boron Trifluoride Etherate ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Cationic Ring Opening Polymerization ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

A new method for purification of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline using citric acid was developed and living cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-methyl-2-oxazoline was carried out. Polymerization was conducted in acetonitrile using benzyl chloride—boron trifluoride etherate initiating system. According to DSC data, the temperature range of melting of the crystalline phase of the resulting polymer was 95–180 °C. According to small-angle X-ray scattering and wide-angle X-ray diffraction data, the degree of crystallinity of the polymer was 12%. Upon cooling of the polymer melt, the polymer became amorphous. Using thermogravimetric analysis, it was found that the thermal destruction of poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline) started above 209 °C.

scholarly journals Statistical prediction of biogas and methane yields during anaerobic digestion based on the composition of lignocellulosic biomass

BioResources ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 7086-7100
Author(s):  
Agata Stachowiak–Wencek ◽  
Jan Bocianowski ◽  
Hanna Waliszewska ◽  
Sławomir Borysiak ◽  
Bogusława Waliszewska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Crystalline Structure ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Statistical Prediction ◽  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Oh Groups ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Independent Features ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

In the described study, the relationships between the percentage and structure of selected lignocellulosic components and the efficiency of their anaerobic digestion and the quality of the produced biogas were analyzed. This research included various lignocellulosic raw materials. The biogas efficiency and quality tests were carried out according to DIN standard 38 414-8 (1985) and VDI standard 4630 (2016). Multiple TAPPI standards and the Seifert method were used to determine the chemical composition of the lignocellulose materials. Lignin structure analysis was performed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Wide-angle X-Ray scattering analysis was used to determine the degree of crystallinity of cellulose. The biogas was positively correlated with C=O and the syringyl to guaiacyl ratio, and negatively correlated with the crystalline structure of cellulose, lignin, cellulose, and extractives. In addition, methane was positively correlated with holocellulose and extractives and negatively correlated with the crystalline structure of cellulose, cellulose, substances soluble in NaOH, and the OH groups. The found independent features accounted for 86.0% of the biogas variability and 68.0% of the methane variability.

Effect of Calcination on the Properties of Hydroxyapatite from Tilapia Fish Bones

2015 ◽  
Vol 1125 ◽  
pp. 474-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.N.K.A. Fara ◽  
Ganeson Pragash ◽  
Hasan Zuhudi Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
Degree Of Crystallinity ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Calcination Process ◽  
Calcination Temperatures ◽  
Fish Bones ◽  
Suitable Temperature ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Natural Hydroxyapatite ◽  
The Degree Of Crystallinity

The present work focus on study of the effects of calcination temperatures (600, 800, 1000, and 1200°C) on derived natural hydroxyapatite from different parts of tilapia fish bones. The calcined samples were characterized regards to their chemical and structural properties. The XRD result revealed the presence hydroxyapatite (HAp) from the calcined samples and were identical to the standard HAp pattern. The FT-IR spectra confirmed that all organic materials and water molecule present in raw samples were completely eliminated during the calcination process at 600°C. SEM results show the surface morphology of calcined samples as compared to raw samples. The HAp was fully formed when samples were calcined at 800°C. The increasing temperature had led to the formation of mixtures of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and β-Tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, β-TCP). The degree of crystallinity and crystallite size gradually increased with the calcination temperature. Calcined Fin and head were found to have great potential in the extraction of biological HAp. The findings are the promising alternative to produce pure hydroxyapatite from marine wastes at a suitable temperature that beneficial to medical applications. The present work focus on a study of the effects of calcination temperatures (600, 800, 1000, and 1200°C) on derived natural hydroxyapatite from different parts of tilapia fish bones. The calcined samples were characterized regards to their chemical and structural properties. The XRD result revealed the presence hydroxyapatite (HAp) from the calcined samples and were identical to the standard HAp pattern. The FT-IR spectra confirmed that all organic materials and water molecule present in raw samples were completely eliminated during the calcination process at 600°C. SEM results show the surface morphology of calcined samples as compared to raw samples. The HAp was fully formed when samples were calcined at 800°C. The increasing temperature had led to the formation of mixtures of hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and β-Tricalcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2, β-TCP). The degree of crystallinity and crystallite size gradually increased with the calcination temperature. Calcined Fin and head were found to have great potential in the extraction of biological HAp. The findings are the promising alternative to produce pure hydroxyapatite from marine wastes at a suitable temperature that beneficial to medical applications.

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