Crystalline structure analysis of all-cellulose nanocomposite films based on corn and wheat straws

Cellulose solution and nanocellulose were prepared from corn straw and wheat straw and then used to fabricate an all-cellulose nanocomposites film (ANF). The crystal structure (CS) of ANFs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). Cellulose-I and cellulose-II were found to coexist within regenerated cellulose films (RCF) and ANFs. With the change of nanocellulose content, the proportions of cellulose-I and cellulose-II changed. Cellulose transformation was found to depend on the raw material and the preparation method. When cellulose solution was prepared from corn straw that had been extracted, the cellulose type tended to be transformed from cellulose-I to cellulose-II; the proportion of cellulose-I showed a tendency to increase when nanocellulose content exceeded 1.5%. When the dissolved cellulose had been treated by an acid-alkali method, the results did not follow a clear pattern. However, when cellulose solution was prepared from wheat straw, under extraction method, the cellulose type tended to transform from cellulose-I to cellulose-II; under acid-alkali method, cellulose-I did not follow a clear pattern with nanocellulose content. Though the small amount of nanocellulose can’t dominate the content of cellulose-I, it could cause an increase in disorder of the cellulose matrix.

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Crystalline Structure Analysis of All-cellulose Nanocomposites Films Based on Corn and Wheat Straw

10.21203/rs.3.rs-511111/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hongxia BIAN ◽

Yanyan Yang ◽

Peng Tu

Keyword(s):

Wheat Straw ◽

Raw Material ◽

Infrared Spectrometry ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Content Increase ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Regenerated Cellulose Films ◽

Cellulose Nanocomposites

Abstract The cellulose and nanocellulose which was extracted from corn straw and wheat straw was used to fabricate all-cellulose nanocomposites film (ANF). The crystal structure (CS) of ANFs was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The result shows that cellulose-I and cellulose-II are coexisting within regenerated cellulose films (RCF) and ANFs and can transfer each other with the change of nanocellulose content. The characteristics of cellulose transformation depend on the raw material and preparing method of cellulose. When cellulose is prepared from corn straw, under two preparing methods, the cellulose type tends to transform from cellulose-I to cellulose-II with low nanocellulose content and transform from cellulose-II to cellulose-I with high nanocellulose content. However, when cellulose is prepared from wheat straw, under extracting methods, the cellulose type tends to transform from cellulose-I to cellulose-II with nanocellulose content increase; under acid-alkali methods, the transformation is from cellulose-II to cellulose-I. The crystalline index (CI) of RCFs and ANFs is no obvious regularity, and the either content of cellulose-I or cellulose-II alone cannot determine the CI. Based on above result, the transformation characteristics of cellulose type should affect the property of ANFs, but further research methods and strategies are needed on what the effects are.

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Actuation of Carbon Nanofiber Reinforced Electro-Active Paper Actuators

Volume 2: Biomedical and Biotechnology ◽

10.1115/imece2012-87159 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Nargis A. Chowdhury ◽

Ahmed A.-Jumaily ◽

Maximiano V. Ramos ◽

Afsar Uddin ◽

John Robertson

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Solid State ◽

Maximum Stress ◽

Carbon Nanofiber ◽

Low Voltage ◽

Liquid Electrolyte ◽

Nanocomposite Films ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Solution ◽

Ionic Liquid Electrolyte

Actuation of two types of electro-active paper actuators composed of functionalized carbon nanofiber, polypyrrole, and regenerated cellulose (FCNF/PPy/RC) and functionalized carbon nanofiber, ionic liquid, and regenerated cellulose (FCNF/IL/RC) is evaluated for different preparation processes. FCNF/PPy/RC nanocomposite films are prepared by dispersing functionalized carbon nanofiber and polypyrrole into cellulose solution in DMAC/LiCl, and then casting the solution onto glass. FCNF/IL/RC nanocomposite films are fabricated simply by adopting a bimorph configuration with a regenerated cellulose-supported internal ionic liquid electrolyte layer sandwiched by electrode layers with a view to getting quick and long-lived operation in air at low applied voltage. The electrode layers include functionalized carbon nanofiber, ionic liquid and regenerated cellulose. The results indicate that the bending displacement decreases with increasing frequency and increases with increasing voltage for both types of actuators. These low voltage driven solid state actuators show maximum stress and strain of 12.73 MPa and 3.0%, respectively, which are comparable with other low-voltage driven solid-state electro-active polymer actuators. The advantages of these types of actuators are their ability to perform well in air and easy process of fabrication.

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Application of Twin Screw Extruder in Cellulose Dissolution with Ionic Liquid

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.605 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 268-270 ◽

pp. 605-609 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Magdi E. Gibril ◽

Hai Feng Li ◽

Xin Da Li ◽

Huan Li ◽

Xuan Zhong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Ionic Liquid ◽

Optical Microscope ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Cellulose Solution ◽

Twin Screw Extruder ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Screw Extruder ◽

Twin Screw

Twin-screw extruder was used as a dissolution unit for microcrystalline cellulose with ionic liquid. Ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride) was applied as solvent and plasticizer; it was mixed with cellulose to prepare the extrusion mixture. The extrusion mixture was feed into twin screw extruder which was run under conditions; speed 65 rpm and 1400C. In order to determine whether the cellulose I has been transformed into cellulose II, the solubility, structure, crystallinty and thermal stability of the extrude cellulose were investigated by polarizing Optical microscope, FTIR, XRD and TGA, respectively. The results which were obtained from polarizing optical microscope showed a clear cellulose solution without undissolved cellulose. FTIR confirmed the transfer cellulose I into cellulose II. XRD result showed a decrease in degree of crystallinity and confirmed the change of cellulose I into cellulose II. Finally, TGA analysis approved that the thermal stability was decreased according to the decrease in crystallinity.

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Preparation and Properties of Regenerated Sisal Cellulose from a Homogeneous Solution

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.700.265 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 700 ◽

pp. 265-269

Author(s):

Fei Wang ◽

Huan Liu ◽

Ji Hua Li ◽

Xiao Yi Wei ◽

Yi Hong Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Homogeneous Solution ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Optimal Conditions ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Natural Cellulose ◽

Ft Ir ◽

Ir Analysis ◽

Application Fields

The sisal cellulose was dissolved in ILs under optimal conditions of 150°C and 400W. The structure of sisal cellulose was changed from cellulose I to cellulose II, accompanied with the decrease of crystallinity through XRD, FT-IR analysis. According to the result of GPC, molecular weight distribution became more uniformly and narrow. This is because intra-and inter-hydrogen bond existed in cellulose were destroyed during the dissolution process in ILs. And the regenerated cellulose possessed better properties than the former, which could broaden the application fields of natural cellulose.

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Structure of Regenerated Celluloses Treated with Ionic Liquids and Comparison of their Enzymatic Digestibility by Purified Cellulase Components

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch12342 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (11) ◽

pp. 1491 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Masahiro Mizuno ◽

Shuji Kachi ◽

Eiji Togawa ◽

Noriko Hayashi ◽

Kouichi Nozaki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Crystal Form ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Acid Moiety ◽

Amino Acid Moiety ◽

Hydrolysis Of Cellulose ◽

Hydrolysis Of ◽

Disordered Chain

In this study, regenerated celluloses were prepared from microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) by treatment with three ionic liquids (ILs) having 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (Emim) as the cation, and the IL N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N,N-diethyl-N-methylammonium alanine ([N221ME][Ala]), where the amino acid moiety is the anion. The crystal form of cellulose was transformed from cellulose I to cellulose II by dissolution with an IL and regeneration with anti-solvent. However, the crystallinity of the regenerated cellulose was different; the disordered chain region was increased in the order of [N221ME][Ala] < [Emim][OAc] < [Emim][DEP] < [Emim][Cl]. The monocomponent cellulase, especially endoglucanase, showed high hydrolyzing activity for regenerated cellulose compared with untreated cellulose. Furthermore, the degree of increase of hydrolyzing activity was almost coincident with the order of crystallinity. For the effective hydrolysis of cellulose treated with an IL, it is necessary to prepare the cellulase mixture containing an adequate ratio of each cellulase component according to crystal allomorph and the crystallinity of regenerated cellulose.

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All-cellulose composites prepared by partial dissolving of cellulose fibers from musaceae leaf-sheath waste

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/00219983211006886 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002199832110068

Author(s):

Úrsula Montoya-Rojo ◽

Catalina Álvarez-López ◽

Piedad Gañán-Rojo

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Fibers ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Continuous Phase ◽

Leaf Sheath ◽

Raw Material ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Sem Images ◽

Cellulose Composites ◽

The Matrix

Self-reinforced all-cellulose composites were produced in situ by partial dissolution in lithium chloride/N,N dimethylacetamide (LiCl/DMAc) of cellulose fibers isolated from Musaceae leaf sheaths resides. These composites show two phases, a continuous phase formed by the dissolution of fibers that transformation to cellulose II and another phase non-dissolved fibers of cellulose I, which acts as self-reinforcing as shown in SEM images. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the coexistence of cellulose I and cellulose II polymorphs. The higher Young’s modulus (4.6 GPa) and tensile strength (95 MPa) are resulting in the optimum relationship between fibers/matrix due to enough LiCl/DMAc to form the matrix and unify fibers with a good interface and optical transparency. These results are seven and twenty-one times higher than that of C0, respectively. In addition, the use of these agro-industrial waste as a raw material in the production of all-cellulose composites offers an opportunity to obtain sustainable and environmentally friendly materials as an alternative for packaging industries.

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Testing Study on the Influence Factors to the Straw Pellet Fuel Broken Strength

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.786 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 448-453 ◽

pp. 786-790

Author(s):

Wei Gao ◽

Rong Fei Zhao ◽

Qing Yu Liu ◽

Xu Wei Bai

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Optimal Parameter ◽

Influence Factors ◽

Raw Material ◽

Single Factor ◽

Quadratic Regression ◽

Corn Straw ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Optimization Parameter ◽

Single Factor Experiment

This paper take link mold pellet pelletizer to carry on the pellet fuel manufacture experiment with corn straw stalk. The influence of moisture content, material size and fermentation time impact on broken strength is studied by single factor experiment. Through quadratic regression orthogonal rotating combination experiment, establish mathematics equation of the factors and the straw pellet fuel broken strength and analyze the important degree of each experimental factor impact on the granulation rate. Through the optimized computation, definite optimization parameter of the highest broken strength is that raw material moisture content is 20%, fermentation time is 4h and particle size is 2.5mm. The result of verifying experiment indicat that the optimal parameter combination and the predict data measured were consistent.

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Stable, metastable and unstable cellulose solutions

Royal Society Open Science ◽

10.1098/rsos.170487 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (8) ◽

pp. 170487 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Marta Gubitosi ◽

Pegah Nosrati ◽

Mona Koder Hamid ◽

Stefan Kuczera ◽

Manja A. Behrens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Small Angle ◽

Supersaturated Solution ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Cellulose I ◽

Tetrabutylammonium Hydroxide ◽

X Ray ◽

Stable Regime ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

A Minor

We have characterized the dissolution state of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in aqueous tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, TBAH(aq), at different concentrations of TBAH, by means of turbidity and small-angle X-ray scattering. The solubility of cellulose increases with increasing TBAH concentration, which is consistent with solubilization driven by neutralization. When comparing the two polymorphs, the solubility of cellulose I is higher than that of cellulose II. This has the consequence that the dissolution of MCC (cellulose I) may create a supersaturated solution with respect to cellulose II. As for the dissolution state of cellulose, we identify three different regimes. (i) In the stable regime, corresponding to concentrations below the solubility of cellulose II, cellulose is molecularly dissolved and the solutions are thermodynamically stable. (ii) In the metastable regime, corresponding to lower supersaturations with respect to cellulose II, a minor aggregation of cellulose occurs and the solutions are kinetically stable. (iii) In the unstable regime, corresponding to larger supersaturations, there is macroscopic precipitation of cellulose II from solution. Finally, we also discuss strong alkali solvents in general and compare TBAH(aq) with the classical NaOH(aq) solvent.

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Filter made of cuprammonium regenerated cellulose for virus removal: a mini-review

Cellulose ◽

10.1007/s10570-021-04319-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shoichi Ide

Keyword(s):

Membrane Filtration ◽

Hollow Fiber Membrane ◽

Membrane Filter ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Protein Solutions ◽

Regenerated Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Solution ◽

Virus Removal ◽

Biological Products ◽

Molecular Weights

AbstractIn 1989, Asahi Kasei commercialized a porous hollow fiber membrane filter (Planova™) made of cuprammonium regenerated cellulose, making it possible for the first time in the world to “remove viruses from protein solutions by membrane filtration”. Planova has demonstrated its usefulness in separating proteins and viruses. Filters that remove viruses from protein solutions, i.e., virus removal filters (VFs), have become one of the critical modern technologies to assure viral safety of biological products. It has also become an indispensable technology for the future. The performance characteristics of VFs can be summarized in two points: 1) the virus removal performance increases as the virus diameter increases, and 2) the recovery rate of proteins with molecular weights greater than 10,000 exceeds the practical level. This paper outlines the emergence of VF and its essential roles in the purification process of biological products, requirements for VF, phase separation studies for cuprammonium cellulose solution, comparison between Planova and other regenerated cellulose flat membranes made from other cellulose solutions, and the development of Planova. The superior properties of Planova can be attributed to its highly interconnected three-dimensional network structure. Furthermore, future trends in the VF field, the subject of this review, are discussed.

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