scholarly journals MAIŠTO PRASMĖ IR BEPRASMYBĖ: NE TIK APIE JULIĄ KRISTEVĄ

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 110-121
Author(s):  
Jūratė Baranova
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Albert Camus ◽  
Julia Kristeva ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Resistance ◽  
Practical Standpoint ◽  
Theoretical Conception ◽  
Practical Life ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Psychological Determinism

Sartre’as teigė, kad esame įmesti į laisvę. Pasmerkti laisvei. Galime laisvai rinktis, bet negalime nesirinkti. Kur surasti kriterijų, nusakantį, kad maišto pasirinkimas iš tiesų yra laisvas pasirinkimas, o ne prichologinė neišvengiamybė, spaudžiant pasąmonės kompleksams? Ar įmanoma iki galo nuosekli laikysena pasirinkus laisvę kaip vertybinį išeities tašką. Šiame straipsnyje bus siekiama atskleisti maišto kaip laisvės išraiškos sampratos dviprasmybę per Sartre’o kaip filosofo, literato ir maištininko fenomenų refleksiją. Bus keliamas klausimas kaip hipotezė: ar Sartre’o kaip maištininko laikysena nekvestionuoja jo tekstuose išskleistos laisvės sampratos esmės ir prasmės.Pagrindiniai žodžiai: laisvė, maištas, individualus pasipriešinimas, Kristeva, Sartre, Camus.THE SENSE AND NON-SENSE OF REVOLT: NOT ONLY ABOUT JULIA KRISTEVAJūratė Baranova SummaryJean-Paul Sartre presupposed that we are condemned to liberty. One is open to free choice. There is no possibility not to choose. In this article when formulating hypotheses of investigation several rhetorical questions are asked: how to find the criterion for justification that the choice of revolt is really free choice, but not the psychological determinism caused by the pressure of unconsciousness. The other relevant question the answer for is researched in this article is such: if one is choosing freedom as the starting value point for one’s views, is it possible to him / her to stay consequently devoted to freedom in practical life? In this article we are investigating the ambiguity of the concept of freedom choosing the example of Sartre as philosopher, literary man, and practical rebel. The main issue of the article is such: there in no possibility to reconcile the practical Sartrean attitude towards revolt and his theoretical conception of freedom. His practical standpoint demonstrates the ambiguity and split of value points. The conception of revolt suggested by Albert Camus as individual’s resistance against the absurdity of existence demonstrates the possibility of much more consequent standpoint in theory and practical life.Keywords: liberty, revolt, individual resistance, Kristeva, Sartre, Camus.

scholarly journals On degrammaticalization: Controversial points and possible explanations

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Viti
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Parts Of Speech ◽  
Closed Class ◽  
Semantic Component ◽  
Directional Change ◽  
Theoretical Conception

AbstractThis paper discusses the problem of degrammaticalization, that is, the exceptions to the unidirectionality of grammaticalization. After analyzing the criteria that allow us to distinguish between various instances of counter-directional change, two principles underlying degrammaticalization are identified; one is related to the type of language and the other to the type of target structures in which degrammaticalization occurs. Firstly, the targets of degrammaticalization are usually closed-class parts of speech with an abstract semantic component. Secondly, the languages in which counter-directional grammatical changes occur turn out to be deprived of an elaborate fusional morphology. These findings may also have an impact on the theoretical conception of grammaticalization, some of whose definitional properties are discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of a more controversial point, namely, counter-directional changes by folk etymology rather than by etymology proper.

scholarly journals Rhetorical questions as aggressive, friendly or sarcastic/ironical questions with imposed answers

ExELL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Džemal Špago
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rhetorical Questions

AbstractRhetorical questions (RQs), as a cross-breed of questions and statements, represent an effective tool in putting forward the Speaker’s ideas, as well as influencing the ideas and opinions of other people. Because of their communicative effectiveness and multifunctionality, they are frequently used in different contexts and for different purposes, and, as such, they represent an interesting topic for further research. The aim of this paper is threefold: (i) to explore the nature of the implied answer to RQs, (ii) to offer a classification of RQs based on the Speaker’s communication style, and (iii) to examine whether (or to what extent) the Speaker-Addressee relationship (peer-to-peer, superior-to-inferior, inferior-to-superior) influences the selection and frequency of use of different types of RQs. Using Stalnaker’s (2002) model of Common Ground and Caponigro and Sprouse’s (2007) concepts of Speaker’s and Addressee’s Beliefs, the author redefines the nature of the answers implied by RQs, claiming that they are imposed on the Addressee rather than mutually recognized as obvious. Based on the model of communication styles as defined by Yuan et al. (2018), RQs are classified into aggressive, friendly and sarcastic/ironical questions with imposed answers. The analysis of the corpus, which consisted of 275 RQs taken from ten American movie scripts, showed that friendly RQs are more common than the other two types, and that, in instances where one of the interlocutors is in a superior position, superior-to-inferior RQs are by far more common than vice versa. The finding that RQs asked by inferiors make up less than a third of RQs occurring between interlocutors with different social standing is in line with the view that answers to RQs are imposed on Addressees.

The Animistic Way: Contemporary Paganism and the Posthuman

Poligrafi ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107-127
Author(s):  
Victoria Dos Santos
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
Julia Kristeva ◽  
The Other ◽  
Relational Ontology ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Human World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Contemporary Paganism

This article aims to explore the affinities between contemporary Paganism and the posthuman project in how they approach the non-human natural world. On the one hand, posthumanism explores new ways of considering the notion of humans and how they are linked with the non-human world. On the other hand, Neopaganism expands this reflection to the spiritual domain through its animistic relational sensibility. Both perspectives challenge the modern paradigm where nature and humans are opposed and mutually disconnected. They instead propose a relational ontology that welcomes the “different other.” This integrated relationship between humans and the “other than human” can be understood through the semiotic Chora, a notion belonging to Julia Kristeva that addresses how the subject is not symbolically separated from the world in which it is contained.

Headless Relative Clauses in K'iche'

2021 ◽  
pp. 260-289
Author(s):  
Telma Angelina Can Pixabaj
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clauses ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Free Relative ◽  
Preliminary Description

This chapter offers a preliminary description of headless relative clauses in K’iche’. The language exhibits all three varieties of free relative clauses that are attested crosslinguistically: maximal, existential, and free-choice. It also has two other kinds of headless relative clauses: light-headed relative clauses introduced by determiners (without wh-expressions) and headless relative clauses with no marking of any kind (neither wh-expressions nor determiners). Overall, the picture that emerges is that all three varieties of free relative clauses exhibit clear morpho-syntactic and semantic differences that differentiate them both from each other as well as from headed relative clauses. One characteristic that helps to differentiate between them is the different subsets of wh-expressions they make use of. All of these wh- clausal constructions are related but, crucially, independent. Of the two kinds of headless relative clauses that do not make use of wh-expressions, one kind—light-headed relative clauses—is introduced by a determiner, while the other kind has no special marking. Both exhibit distributional and semantic restrictions that distinguish them from headed relative clauses.

scholarly journals PSX-34 Ruminating and lying behavior of dairy goats in confinement or grazing

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 452-453
Author(s):  
Luana P Ribeiro ◽  
Sanae Ischii ◽  
Shirron LeShure ◽  
Terry A Gipson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Management System ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Mixed Model Analysis ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
System A ◽  
Key Indicator

Abstract Behavior is a key indicator of animal welfare and wellbeing. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of management system [confinement (C) or grazing (G)] on the behaviors of rumination time (RT) and lying/standing (L/S) in dairy goats. Forty Alpine goats (57.7±5.7 kg) in late lactation were randomly assigned to one of four groups. A replicated switchback design was used with Groups A and C the Confinement-Grazing-Confinement (CGC) sequence and Groups B and D the Grazing-Confinement-Grazing (GCG) sequence. Each group spent 1 wk in each management system. A 40% forage diet was offered free-choice in both systems, with some growing forage available for goats in G as well. Goats were fitted with two tri-axial accelerometers, one in an elastic, nose-band halter and the other attached to the hind leg. Data from tri-axial accelerometers were processed using SAS with prediction equations for RT and L/S. A mixed model analysis was conducted with RT or L/S as the dependent variable, and replicate (1, 2), sequence (CGC, GCG), management system (confinement, grazing), and interactions as independent variables, and animal as random. Rumination time and L/S were not affected (P > 0.10) by sequence or replicate. Goats in G had greater (P < 0.01) RT than those in C (12.7 vs 10.2 min/h; SEM=0.509). Regardless of management system, goats had lower RT in the second week than in the first or third week of the experiment (12.2, 10.2, and 11.9 min/h in wk 1, 2, and 3, respectively; SEM=0.574). Daily L/S behavior was not affected (P > 0.10) by management. Lying time was 726 min/d in C and 699 min/d in G (SEM=16.7). Standing time was 714 min/d in C and 741 min/d in G (SEM=16.7). These results indicate that management system affects rumination time but not lying/standing behavior in dairy goats.

scholarly journals Lack of Free Choice Reveals the Cost of Having to Search for More Than One Object

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1137-1147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduard Ort ◽  
Johannes J. Fahrenfort ◽  
Christian N. L. Olivers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
The Other ◽  
Multiple Target ◽  
Proactive Control ◽  
Switch Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Reactive Mechanism

It is debated whether people can actively search for more than one object or whether this results in switch costs. Using a gaze-contingent eye-tracking paradigm, we revealed a crucial role for cognitive control in multiple-target search. We instructed participants to simultaneously search for two target objects presented among distractors. In one condition, both targets were available, which gave the observer free choice of what to search for and allowed for proactive control. In the other condition, only one of the two targets was available, so that the choice was imposed, and a reactive mechanism would be required. No switch costs emerged when target choice was free, but switch costs emerged reliably when targets were imposed. Bridging contradictory findings, the results are consistent with models of visual selection in which only one attentional template actively drives selection and in which the efficiency of switching targets depends on the type of cognitive control allowed for by the environment.

The Far Eastern Commission

1948 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S. Stratton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Far Eastern

Shortly before he left the State Department in the summer of 1947, Undersecretary Dean Acheson summarized the main objectives of American foreign policy during his term in office. These, he said, had been principally two. One was to “establish the unity and mutual confidence and cooperation of the great powers.” The other, he said, was to “create international organizations necessarily based on the assumption of this unity and cooperation, in which all nations could together guarantee both freedom from aggression and the opportunity for both the devastated and undeveloped countries to gain and expand their productivity under institutions of their own free choice.''x Following out this policy, the United States has helped to create and has participated in an impressive number of international organizations. Some, like the United Nations and its affiliates, are directed mainly to the continuing task of building and maintaining a secure peacetime order among nations. Others, like the Allied control bodies in former enemy countries, have the more temporary job of filling in the gap of leadership until peace treaties have been signed.

scholarly journals Study of Host Preference and the Comparison of some Biological Characteristcs of Bemisia Tabasi (Genn) on Tomato Varieties

2013 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
Masoomeh Samareh Fekri ◽  
Mohammad Amin Samih ◽  
Sohrab Imani ◽  
Mehdi Zarabi
Keyword(s):  
Free Choice ◽  
Host Preference ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Total Mortality ◽  
Statistical Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Choice Test ◽  
Percentage Mortality ◽  
Tomato Variety ◽  
Choice Preference

Abstract The resistance of 8 tomato varieties to cotton white fly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), was evaluated in four greenhouse experiments. In the first experiment, we evaluated the attractiveness and preference for oviposition in a free-choice test (randomized blocks, 8 treatments, and 5 replications). In the other experiments, we evaluated the no-choice preference for oviposition (randomized blocks, 4 treatments, and 4 replications). The whitefly egg-adult cycle was monitored using a statistical design in randomized blocks with four replications. The percentage mortality of immature stages was also determined (randomized blocks with four replications). In the free-choice test, the tomato variety Rio Grande was the most attractive to adults, while the variety Cheffalat had the lowest number of adults. Also in this assay, the variety CAL-JN3 presented the lowest number of eggs, while the variety Ergon presented the highest number of eggs. In the no-choice test, the varieties Chef-falat and CAL-JN3 remained resistant. Consequently, for these two varieties non-preference is the oviposition resistance mechanism. The egg-adult cycle varied from 26.02 days (Ergon) to 26.66 days (CAL-JN3). The total mortality varied from 20.52 (Ergon) to 33.97 (CAL-JN3). Considering all the characteristics, the variety CAL-JN3 was the most resistant to B. tabaci among all the tomato varieties studied, while variety Ergon was susceptible.

Descriptive Sensory Analysis and Acceptance of Stingless Bee Honey

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Ferreira ◽  
C. Lencioni ◽  
M.T. Benassi ◽  
M.O. Barth ◽  
D.H.M. Bastos
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Stingless Bee ◽  
The Other ◽  
Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Generalized Procrustes Analysis ◽  
Dimension 2 ◽  
Sensory Descriptive Analysis

Stingless bee honey samples were evaluated by sensory descriptive analysis using free choice profile methodology. Appearance, flavor, and aroma were described and the data were treated with Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Individual descriptive terms ranged from 8 to 20. Plotting the samples in a bidimensional plan indicated that appearance attributes (color and viscosity) and sweet, sour and acid flavor were strongly correlated with x axis (Dimension 1) while coconut, wood, acid, sour, and sweet flavor aroma attributes were correlated with y axis (Dimension 2). The affective test was also performed and with the exception of the Melipona scutellaris honey, all the other samples showed good acceptance. Honeys that were described as sweeter and less acid were preferred by nontrained assessors, indicating that the regular consumer recognizes honey produced by Apis mellifera bee as a standard.

scholarly journals CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE WRITTEN COMMUNICATION FORM OF DEAF CHILDREN

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-64
Author(s):  
Naim Salkić ◽  
◽  
Husnija Hasanbegović ◽  
Emira Švraka ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Deaf Children ◽  
Written Communication ◽  
Written Form ◽  
Deaf Persons

The aim of this research was to examine the communication and linguistic competence of a meaningful understanding of the written communication form of deaf persons. In this study, a qualitative method of content analysis was used. The study was done on a sample of 70 deaf respondents. Deaf subjects were divided into two groups. One group wrote letters to another group on a topic of free choice, and the other group responded to the letter. After these correspondences, the letters were analysed in a way to search for understanding the content. Letters were agrammatic with a large number of omitted letters and syntactically difficult to understand. However, children who are deaf, perfectly recognized the context, and responded to letters with understanding. The results of the research showed that the deaf respondents have communication, but not linguistic competence in the written form of communication.

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