scholarly journals Rhetorical questions as aggressive, friendly or sarcastic/ironical questions with imposed answers

ExELL ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-82
Author(s):  
Džemal Špago
Keyword(s):  
Common Ground ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Social Standing ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rhetorical Questions

AbstractRhetorical questions (RQs), as a cross-breed of questions and statements, represent an effective tool in putting forward the Speaker’s ideas, as well as influencing the ideas and opinions of other people. Because of their communicative effectiveness and multifunctionality, they are frequently used in different contexts and for different purposes, and, as such, they represent an interesting topic for further research. The aim of this paper is threefold: (i) to explore the nature of the implied answer to RQs, (ii) to offer a classification of RQs based on the Speaker’s communication style, and (iii) to examine whether (or to what extent) the Speaker-Addressee relationship (peer-to-peer, superior-to-inferior, inferior-to-superior) influences the selection and frequency of use of different types of RQs. Using Stalnaker’s (2002) model of Common Ground and Caponigro and Sprouse’s (2007) concepts of Speaker’s and Addressee’s Beliefs, the author redefines the nature of the answers implied by RQs, claiming that they are imposed on the Addressee rather than mutually recognized as obvious. Based on the model of communication styles as defined by Yuan et al. (2018), RQs are classified into aggressive, friendly and sarcastic/ironical questions with imposed answers. The analysis of the corpus, which consisted of 275 RQs taken from ten American movie scripts, showed that friendly RQs are more common than the other two types, and that, in instances where one of the interlocutors is in a superior position, superior-to-inferior RQs are by far more common than vice versa. The finding that RQs asked by inferiors make up less than a third of RQs occurring between interlocutors with different social standing is in line with the view that answers to RQs are imposed on Addressees.

Portals Then and Now

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Tatnall ◽  
Stephen Burgess
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Initial Data ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Web Portals ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Different Types

This article investigates the evolution of two different types of Web portals, one in Bangladesh and the other in Australia. The initial data collection was conducted in the early 2000s and revisited in 2009. The idea of a Web portal is not new, but in the last few years the portal concept has gained considerably in importance as new types of portal are developed and new uses found for portal technology. The article begins with a brief classification of the types of portals in use today and then considers some of the advantages conferred on a business in using portal technology. Developed and developing countries have different problems in making use of e-commerce and see the advantages and problems of using portals rather differently. In the article the authors examine and compare case studies of a Horizontal B-B Industry Portal in Melbourne, Australia, and a Vertical Industry Portal in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

scholarly journals THE CULTIVATION OF TRICHOMONAS OF THE HUMAN MOUTH (TETRATRICHOMONAS HOMINIS)

1917 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tokuzo Ohira ◽  
Hideyo Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Cell Body ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Deep Groove ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Difference

Trichomonades from the mouth were studied by Steinberg who proposed to group them into three distinct types; namely, Trichomonas elongata, Trichomonas caudata, and Trichomonas flagellata. Doflein (3) regards them as probably identical with Trichomonas hominis. Opinions differ as to whether or not Trichomonas vaginalis Donné and Trichomonas hominis Grassi are the same species. Lynch, for instance, believes that they are the same species, while von Prowazek (4), Bensen (5), and others (6, 7) insist that they are different types. Bensen's view seems to be well supported by the difference alleged to be found between the mode of encystment in the two trichomonades, were it not for the fact that our knowledge about the so called cyst of trichomonades is still obscure. According to Alexeieff (8) many of the so called cysts were evidently blastomyces contained in the cell body of the trichomonas. An autogamy alleged to take place in cysts as described by Bohne and von Prowazek (9) has not been confirmed by Dobell (10). And Wenyon (11) contends that it has never been found possible to produce any development of these cysts outside the body on the warm stage as can be done with the cysts of Entamœba coli. Therefore, it is still premature to take the process of encystment into consideration as far as the classification of trichomonas is concerned. On the other hand, Rodenwaldt (12) seems to think that there are many species of trichomonas in the human intestines, and Wenyon has described a new trichomonas from the human intestines (Macrostoma mesnili Wenyon). Further cultural studies in the morphology and biology of these organisms must be carried out in order to solve these problems. In the light of modern investigations there are five subgenera to be included under the genus Trichomonas Donné. They are as follows: (1) Protrichomonas Alexeieff, with three anterior flagella, without an undulating membrane. (2) Trichomastix Biitschli) with three anterior flagella and a trailing flagellum (Schleppgeissel) without an undulating membrane. (3) Trichomonas Donné, with three anterior flagella and an undulating membrane. (4) Macrostoma Alexeieff, Amend, Wenyon (11), with three anterior flagella and an undulating membrane wedged in a deep groove (peristome). (5) Tetratrichomonas Parisi (13), with four anterior flagella and an undulating membrane. As far as our culture trichomonas from the human mouth is concerned, it has been shown that it is not strictly a trichomonas and that it should be classed under the subgenus Tetratrichomonas.

scholarly journals Curriculum Development and Dermatology Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-11
Author(s):  
Jayadev Betkerur
Keyword(s):  
Faculty Development ◽  
Curriculum Development ◽  
Postgraduate Training ◽  
The Other ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Competency Based ◽  
Cosmetic Dermatology

Curriculum is an integral part of any educational cycle. Curriculum development is a systematic process involving designing, implementing , evaluating and redesigning. There are different types of curriculums being practiced by institutions. Subject based curriculum is a widely used but competency based curriculum is the best. There is an urgent need to have relook at the existing curriculum as it is beset with many problems. The  faculty development (FD) is one factor affecting curriculum development. We need to identify the other issues and address them. Presently Dermatology postgraduate training is more concentrated in imparting more knowledge based learning. Acquiring and assessing skills not included in the program.The curriculum is decades old and does not address the present needs. The classification of diseases can be modified. Evaluation methods have to be structured to assess knowledge and skill. Dermatosurgery, dermatotherapeutics and cosmetic dermatology needs to be added to the curriculum. The teachers , institutions and regulatory authorities to plan strategies to bring about these changes to present to the society a knowledgeable, skillfull,sensitive and ethically correct.    

scholarly journals DENOTATIVE-NOMINATIVE TYPOLOGY OF ENGLISH IDEONYMS

2018 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Olga Vasilyeva
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Computer Art ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
The World ◽  
Named Objects ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Media

The article considers denotative nominative classification of English ideonyms. One thousand English ideonyms selected according to the frequency of use in print and electronic media have provided the material for this research. The topical problems of ideonymics incude establishment of denotative nominative systematization of the relevant proprietary units, which involves their grouping according to the type of the named objects. The denotative nominative classification of ideonyms embraces four divisions: artionyms, i.e. proper names of works of art, which are further divided into imagionyms, sсeneonyms, musiconyms and filmonyms; biblionyms that cover proper names of all written and verbal texts as well as their series and collections; gemeronyms, i.e. proper names of the media, which are divided into pressonyms and electronyms according to the method of transmitting the information and include both radio and television programs of exclusively informational nature rather than those of entertaining or educational character; computeronyms, which absorb all proper names designed to designate different types of computer programs. The poetonymic sphere is understood as a collection of onyms in artistic texts creating a complex and harmonious system existing in any artistic work as a result of their interrelations. This concerns not only literary works but also those in cinematography, computer art, etc., since proper names act in each of them as components of the virtual picture of the world, thus enabling to refer to the existence of not only the poetonymic sphere, but also the virtualonymosphere. Therefore, it can be concluded that ideonyms can be divided into four classes by their correlation with denotate, namely artionyms, biblionyms, gemeronyms and computeronyms, subject to further specification. Separate terms have been created for ideonyms of the first and second specification levels whereas descriptive terminology is applied for further subdivisions. Each of the analyzed divisions has its own specific functioning, both structural and semantic, which makes further intvestigation in this direction relevant.

Language, Subjectivity, Culture, Comprehensiveness, and Structure

2017 ◽  
pp. 374-388
Author(s):  
Gerard Saucier
Keyword(s):  
Two Dimensions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Underlying Structure ◽  
Trait Variation ◽  
Personality Dimension ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Optimal Classification ◽  
Subjective States

We know that (besides dispositions) situations affect behavior. To understand the situational contributions to prediction, we need frameworks for cataloging the different types of situations. To this end, useful situation-classifications have emerged recently. This chapter considers several puzzles in arriving at an optimal classification of situations. Can we learn something from how language is used? Should subjective states count as a kind of situation? Is culture a situation? What else should we consider in endeavoring to make the situation-classification comprehensive? At the other extreme of parsimony, to what minimal underlying structure can situations be reduced? How might the respective structures of situations and personality be related? It is concluded that each personality dimension may have particularly diagnostic situations integral to the relevant trait variation. And there are empirical indications for two situation-dimensions apparently closely allied with two dimensions in affect and motivation.

scholarly journals HUMOR STYLES AND COMMUNICATION IN RELATIONSHIPS

2019 ◽  
pp. 13-24
Keyword(s):  
Relationship Satisfaction ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Communication Style ◽  
Communication Styles ◽  
Humor Styles ◽  
Mutual Support ◽  
Sense Of Humor ◽  
Marital Relations ◽  
Humor Style

ffective communication in a relationship depends on the styles and strategies used by the spouses. The strategies used by them can foster mutual support, depreciate the partner, or be an indication of commitment (Kazimierczak, Plopa, 2006). Studies of marital relations show that an important aspect that develops bonds and relationship satisfaction is the sense of humor (Cann & Calhoun, 1997; Saroglou et al., 2010). Researchers dealing with the sense of humor differentiate between four basic styles of humor. The affiliative and self-enhancing styles are regarded as adaptive, while the aggressive and self-defeating styles are regarded as non-adaptive (Martin et al., 2003). The purpose of the studies is to determine whether there is a relationship between the spouses’ humor and communication styles. Another question to be answered is whether there is a relationship between the humor styles and the perception of the partner’s communication style in a relationship. It has been concluded that adaptive humor styles correlate with styles based on mutual support and commitment in a relationship. The self-defeating style, on the other hand, shows relationships with a style that depreciates the partners. No relations have been noted between a specific humor style and the perception of partner’s communication style.

Types et degrés de verbes supports en italien

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201
Author(s):  
Elisabetta Jezek
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Interpretation ◽  
Semantic Classification ◽  
Light Verb Constructions ◽  
Light Verb ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Decompositional Analysis ◽  
The One

This paper addresses the problem of isolating light verb constructions (LVC) and classifying them according to semantic-syntactic parameters. LVC are firstly classified as a subtype of collocation. This step is important since it places the study of these constructions within a theoretical framework and defines the tests that are valid for their identification. Subsequently, on the basis of the reduction test (nominalization of the LVC and deletion of the verb), a boundary is traced between causative and non causative LVC on the one side and between base and extended LVC on the other side. Ultimately, a grid of semantic/aspectual criteria is proposed in order to distinguish different types of extended LVC. The application of this grid to Italian data allows a semantic classification of LVC based on a semantic decompositional analysis. This classification shows how it is possible to isolate different degrees in the function played by the verb in a LVC, according to its contribution to the semantic interpretation of the construction.

Responses to rhetorical questions in English and German Internet public news groups

2012 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Kleinke
Keyword(s):  
Message Boards ◽  
Patterns Of Use ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Discussion Threads ◽  
Different Types ◽  
German Speaking ◽  
Internet Discussion ◽  
Rhetorical Questions ◽  
Rhetorical Force ◽  
Linguistic Structures

This study investigates an area of interpersonal pragmatic meaning in which the specific framing conditions of public Internet message boards seem to be particularly relevant: patterns of responses to rhetorical questions as one aspect of the negotiation of the rhetorical force of such questions among the participants in a discussion. Rhetorical questions are complex linguistic structures which are described in terms of a set of characteristic pragmatic features, including their answerhood (Ilie 1994, 1999). An analysis of approximately 900 postings to 22 English and 22 German Internet discussion threads on a range of comparable topics showed that rhetorical questions are often subject to negotiation by the participants in an interaction. The responses to such rhetorical questions play a crucial role in this process. This work examines all textual responses to questions that were interpreted as rhetorical and describes their structural patterns and frequency of use as well as different types and functions in the English- and the German-speaking groups. It also discusses the different patterns of use against the background of more general observations on communicative styles and practices across the two language communities.

scholarly journals Boolean lattices in finite alternating and symmetric groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Lucchini ◽  
Mariapia Moscatiello ◽  
Sebastien Palcoux ◽  
Pablo Spiga
Keyword(s):  
Symmetric Group ◽  
Symmetric Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Boolean Lattices ◽  
Product Structures ◽  
Alternating And Symmetric Groups ◽  
Regular Partitions ◽  
Lattice Of Subgroups

Abstract Given a group G and a subgroup H, we let $\mathcal {O}_G(H)$ denote the lattice of subgroups of G containing H. This article provides a classification of the subgroups H of G such that $\mathcal {O}_{G}(H)$ is Boolean of rank at least $3$ when G is a finite alternating or symmetric group. Besides some sporadic examples and some twisted versions, there are two different types of such lattices. One type arises by taking stabilisers of chains of regular partitions, and the other arises by taking stabilisers of chains of regular product structures. As an application, we prove in this case a conjecture on Boolean overgroup lattices related to the dual Ore’s theorem and to a problem of Kenneth Brown.

Hedges as writer protective devices in applied linguistics and literary criticism research articles

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Malášková
Keyword(s):  
Literary Criticism ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Research Articles ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Scientific Fields

It is widely acknowledged that hedges form an indispensable part of academic writing in general and research articles (RAs) in particular. There has been a lot of research done attempting to describe and classify this language device, address its complex nature and understand its functions in different types of texts. This paper presents the results of a small-scale comparative study carried out on a corpus of research articles in two scientific fields – applied linguistics and literary criticism. The analysis was based on a revised classification of Hyland (1998) and Dontcheva-Navratilova (2009) and with special regard to the role they play in reader-writer interaction. The aim of the investigation was to determine which features in the text function as writer-protective, i.e. hedging writer commitment to the propositional content of the message, and to what extent these features differ in the examined texts. The results of the study show that there are significant differences in both the variety and frequency of use of hedges in applied linguistics and literary criticism research articles, which suggests that there is a connection between particular types of hedges and differences in the type of argumentation and interaction with the intended readership in the two respective communities.

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