scholarly journals Twenty Nile Rivers escape the Mediterranean Sea – a giant water vapor spill boosting the July 2021 floods in Western Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 206-212
Author(s):  
Hong-Quan ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Central China ◽  
Severe Drought ◽  
Pressure System ◽  
Vapor Transfer ◽  
The North ◽  
Imbalance Problem ◽  
The Mediterranean

In summer 2021, severe drought and heatwaves hit the Western United States, Canada, and many other areas around the world. At the same time, record-breaking floods devastated Western Europe (WE) and Central China. Drought and flooding are a water imbalance problem, and heatwaves are always coupled with drought or originate from hot, arid areas. Global average evaporation and precipitation are balanced and steady. When some areas receive less precipitation, other areas receive more, often as heavy downpours. This study analyses one particular freshwater imbalance area – the Mediterranean Basin (MB), from a historical view and of recent trends. The net water vapor output from MB is equivalent to about 20 times the Nile River discharge. The north-south seesaw precipitation trends across Europe clearly indicate a water vapor transfer from MB to Western and Northern Europe. An upper low-pressure system and abundant water vapor supply from MB are an ideal combination for lingering heavy downpours and floods over WE, such as the case in July 2021. The root cause of MB freshwater imbalance is identified as the Sahara expansion. The breach of the green Sahara about 5700 years ago was the desiccation of the Atlas Basin. Based on water cycle stability a solution is suggested to restore the Sahara back to green.

scholarly journals The North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 2103-2115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yolande L. Serra ◽  
David K. Adams ◽  
Carlos Minjarez-Sosa ◽  
James M. Moker ◽  
Avelino F. Arellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
North American ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Precipitable Water ◽  
Annual Rainfall ◽  
North American Monsoon ◽  
Atmospheric Sciences ◽  
The North ◽  
Northwestern Mexico ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Northwestern Mexico experiences large variations in water vapor on seasonal time scales in association with the North American monsoon, as well as during the monsoon associated with upper-tropospheric troughs, mesoscale convective systems, tropical easterly waves, and tropical cyclones. Together these events provide more than half of the annual rainfall to the region. A sufficient density of meteorological observations is required to properly observe, understand, and forecast the important processes contributing to the development of organized convection over northwestern Mexico. The stability of observations over long time periods is also of interest to monitor seasonal and longer-time-scale variability in the water cycle. For more than a decade, the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) has been used to obtain tropospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) for applications in the atmospheric sciences. There is particular interest in establishing these systems where conventional operational meteorological networks are not possible due to the lack of financial or human resources to support the network. Here, we provide an overview of the North American Monsoon GPS Transect Experiment 2013 in northwestern Mexico for the study of mesoscale processes and the impact of PWV observations on high-resolution model forecasts of organized convective events during the 2013 monsoon. Some highlights are presented, as well as a look forward at GPS networks with surface meteorology (GPS-Met) planned for the region that will be capable of capturing a wider range of water vapor variability in both space and time across Mexico and into the southwestern United States.

Sailing Directions of the North Atlantic Viking Age (from about the year 860 to 1400)

1997 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Søren Thirslund
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
The North ◽  
The World ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
New Settlements

As long as man has ventured to go to sea, sailing directions have existed. Man's survival depended upon knowing the best fishing and hunting places and how to find these were secrets, told only to family or friends.Later, sailing directions covered areas in the world where trade or new settlements had begun and, as early as 500 years B.C., some of these sailing directions were written down. They covered the Mediterranean Sea and part of western Europe and they were called PERIPLUS meaning ‘sailing around’. They contained almost the same information as sailing directions today, namely: harbours, anchorages, currents, possibilities for fresh water, provisions and other supplies.

scholarly journals Water Vapor from Western Eurasia Promotes Precipitation during the Snow Season in Northern Xinjiang, a Typical Arid Region in Central Asia

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiguo Wang ◽  
Hongyi Li ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Xiaohua Hao
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Vapor Source ◽  
Northern Xinjiang ◽  
The North ◽  
North Polar ◽  
Western Eurasia ◽  
Water Vapor Source

Atmospheric water vapor plays an important role in the water cycle, especially in arid Central Asia, where precipitation is invaluable to water resources. Understanding and quantifying the relationship between water vapor source regions and precipitation is a key problem in water resource research in typical arid Central Asia, Northern Xinjiang. However, the relationship between precipitation and water vapor sources is still unclear of snow season. This paper aimed at studying the role of water vapor source supply in the Northern Xinjiang precipitation trend, which was investigated using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The results showed that the total water vapor contributed from Western Eurasia and the North Polar area presented upward trends similar to the precipitation change trend, which indicated that the water vapor contribution from the two previous water vapor source regions supplied abundant water vapor and maintained the upward precipitation trend from 1980 to 2017 in Northern Xinjiang. From the climatology of water vapor transport, the region was controlled by midlatitude westerlies and major water vapor input from the western boundary, and the net water vapor flux of this region also showed an annual increasing trend. Western Eurasia had the largest moisture percentage contribution to Northern Xinjiang (48.11%) over the past 38 years. Northern Xinjiang precipitation was correlated with water vapor from Western Eurasia, the North Polar area, and Siberia, and the correlation coefficients were 0.66, 0.45, and 0.57, respectively. These results could aid in better understanding the water cycle process and climate change in this typical arid region of Central Asia.

American Technique and Steam Navigation on the Saône and the Rhône, 1827–1850

1956 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
Félix Rivet
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Massif Central ◽  
Silk Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The One ◽  
Intense Activity ◽  
In The Beginning

In the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Continental Blockade momentarily ruined the maritime commerce of Western Europe and, by the same token, increased the importance of the land routes of this area. More dian other regions, the valley of the Saone and the Rhône, squeezed between the Alps and the Massif Central on the isthmus separating the Mediterranean from the North Sea, profited from the dislocation and came to know an intense activity. For some 105 leagues from Marseilles to Chalon, the products of Provence and Languedoc, as well as colonial goods brought in along the Mediterranean, took this road leading to Paris and the countries of the Northwest on the one hand, to Strasbourg, Alsace, and Germany on the other. Superbly situated in an obligatory point of passage, Lyons enjoyed at that time an exceptional prosperity; placed as she was at the terminus of the new Cenis road, she added to the Rhone traffic proper the free importation of silk from Lombardy and the Piedmont and the trade in Illyrian and Levantine cotton which had crossed the plains of northern Italy. Thus was realized little by little that “Lyonnaise conquest of the peninsular market of the Empire” described by Marcel Blanchard. Coming ahead of even the traditional silk industry, transport constituted the primary source of wealth of a city where nearly two hundred truckers and shipping agents built up solid fortunes, all the while hoping that nothing would come to halt the process.

Understanding the water cycle above the north polar cap on Mars using MRO CRISM retrievals of water vapor

Icarus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 321 ◽  
pp. 722-735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain S.J. Khayat ◽  
Michael D. Smith ◽  
Scott D. Guzewich
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Polar Cap ◽  
The North ◽  
North Polar

scholarly journals "European Islam" or "Islam in Europe": two concepts in the context of European integration

2005 ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Yu.M. Kochubey
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
North African ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
The North ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
The Mediterranean

Speaking of Islam or Muslims, they have long been known in Western Europe, starting with the conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, the Mediterranean, the Battle of Guiatti. Later, there were the Crusades, the expansion of the Ottomans in the Balkans and Central Europe, the North African corsairs, and the colonial expansion of Europeans on Muslim land, in particular, under the Ottoman Empire.

scholarly journals International Labour Migration - Theoretical Considerations and Evidence from the Experience of the Mediterranean Sending Countries

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 723-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko Korner
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
The North ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
European Periphery ◽  
North Western

Immediately after the end of the Second World War in 1945, most observers expected that under the pressure of thousands of displaced persons in Western Europe, traditional migration streams between Europe, on the one side, and the countries of North and South America and Oceania, on the other, would be revived. But soon this proved to be a misconception: not only were most of the refugees, but also a considerable part of the working population of southern Europe (mainly from Italy) and Algeria were absorbed by the rapidly expanding labour markets of the countries of North-Western Europe. When during the late Fiftees, the reconstruction period of the European countries came to an end, at first, France, Belgium and Switzerland, and later, the Federal Republic of Germany and Austria experienced rapid economic growth which was accompanied by a depletion of their traditional sources of the labour force. With the intention of stabilizing their economic expansion, the industrial countries of Europe sought to open up new supplies in the European periphery. As a consequence, labour-recruitment contracts were concluded, during the Sixties, between the North-Western European countries and the Mediterranean ones (Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, Yugoslavia and the countries of the Maghreb) to induce the inflow of foreign labour Migrant workers were, at that time the most important growth factor in the industrialized countries of continental Europe.

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