scholarly journals Evaluation and space representation of the maximum surface runoff in watersheds

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 281-287
Author(s):  
Alain Paneque Martínez ◽  
Liber Galbán Rodríguez ◽  
Rosana Caridad Ramírez González

In Cuba, regardless of the advances made in hydrological and hydraulic investigations related to floods, there are limitations with the detailed knowledge of the true maximum surface runoff or maximum flow that characterizes these phenomena in the season of intense rains, for which it is necessary to carry out complex hydrological study that, with the help of professional software and statistical techniques, help to determine and model spatially with certain reliability, the maximum water surface drained in watersheds. The general objective was pursued: To determine and represent spatially with the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and hydrological methods, the runoff or maximum flow produced by the intense rains in a watershed, selecting to exemplify the watershed from the Magdalena River to the south east of the Santiago de Cuba municipality. As a result was obtained in the first instance, that it is feasible to apply this procedure to know in a preliminary way what maximum flow is available at any point of a main river or tributary. This approximation constitutes a significant advance for subsequent work in other watersheds of Cuba or internationally.

2007 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Vargas-Ramírez ◽  
Ylenia Chiari ◽  
Olga Victoria Castaño-Mora ◽  
Steph B.J. Menken

The Magdalena River Turtle (Podocnemis lewyana) is a Colombian endemic species, endangered due to human exploitation and habitat destruction. To date, this species is poorly known ecologically and data on its genetic diversity are lacking. Here we report on the first genetic survey of the species across its distribution range. We obtained mitochondrial DNA sequences (488 bp) of the cytochrome b gene from 109 individuals. Samples belong to populations located at several different localities, grouped in five regions, along the four main river basins: Magdalena, Cauca, San Jorge, and Sinú drainages. We found two haplotypes, which differ in only one nucleotide substitution and which are represented with different frequencies in the five geographic regions. These results suggest that P. lewyana harbors little genetic variation and is a genetically uniform species, but more variable markers (i.e., microsatellites) should be used to unravel fine-scale phylogeographic structures in this species.


2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 255-293
Author(s):  
G. Göransson ◽  
M. Larson ◽  
D. Bendz

Abstract. The turbidity variation in time and space is investigated in the downstream stretch of the river Göta Älv in Sweden. The river is heavily regulated and carries the discharge from the largest fresh water lake in Sweden, lake Vänern, to the outflow point in Göteborg Harbour on the Swedish west coast. The river is an important waterway and serves as fresh-water supply for 700 000 users. Turbidity is utilised as an indicator to ensure sufficient quality of the intake water to the treatment plant. The overall objective of the study was to investigate the influence of rainfall, surface runoff, and river water flow on the temporal and spatial variability of the turbidity in the regulated river system by employing statistical analysis of an extensive data set. Six-year long time series of daily mean values on precipitation, discharge, and turbidity from six stations along the river were examined primarily through linear correlation and regression analysis, combined with nonparametric tests and analysis of variance. The analyses were performed on annual, monthly, and daily basis, establishing temporal patterns and dependences, including seasonal changes, impacts from extreme events, influences from tributaries, and the spatial variation along the river. The results showed that there is no simple relationship between discharge, precipitation, and turbidity, mainly due to the complexity of the runoff process, the regulation of the river, and the effects of lake Vänern and its large catchment area. For the river Göta Älv, significant, positive correlations between turbidity, discharge, and precipitation could only be found during periods with high flow combined with heavy rainfall. Local precipitation does not seem to have any significant impact on the discharge in the main river, which is primarily governed by the precipitation at catchment scale. The discharge from the lake Vänern determines the base level for the turbidity in the river, whereas local surface runoff and tributary discharge induced by rainfall govern the temporal variability in turbidity. Autocorrelation analysis indicates a temporal persistence in turbidity of about 10 days. The results also show that erosion in the main river, from the river bed and banks, is not a dominant contributor to the suspended sediment transport in the river. Further studies on the correlation between turbidity and suspended sediment transport and in relation to erosion processes are suggested.


2018 ◽  
pp. 88-95

Gestión de Inundación por Caudales Máximos en la Subcuenca Baja de la Quebrada del Río Huaycoloro - Río Rímac Flood Management for Maximum Flows in the Lower Subbasin River Gorge Huaycoloro –  Rimác River Gina Quincho Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal, Lima, Perú DOI: https://doi.org/10.33017/RevECIPeru2014.0014/ Resumen El objetivo de la presente tesis es investigar la gestión de inundación por caudales máximos en la subcuenca baja de la quebrada del río Huaycoloro, con la finalidad de contribuir a mejorar la calidad de vida de los centros poblados como Cajamarquilla, Jicamarca y Huachipa; está investigación se ha estructurado en 4 capítulos. El primer capítulo desarrolla la problemática, los objetivos, la hipótesis que se muestran con sus respectivas variables y se justifica su relevancia y la importancia de esta investigación. En el segundo capítulo se muestra el marco conceptual y el marco normativo ambiental que sustenta los criterios y toma de decisiones para las propuestas de conservación y defensas rivereñas. En el tercer capítulo se describe la metodología utilizada por cada objetivo planteado, asimismo se detalla el tipo de investigación y métodos, los materiales y equipos; etapas en la realización del presente estudio. El cuarto capítulo, describe el diagnóstico ambiental de la Subcuenca Huaycoloro, que tiene un área 492.9 km2 y la longitud del río principal  es de 49.7 km, las características morfológicas le dan un área mayor en porcentaje de 54 % (colina y montaña – vertiente montañosa empinada a escarpada); se presentan 3 climas de un semiseco a un árido deficiente de lluvias; en su geología presenta  predominancia de rocas ígneas;  así mismo  en las características  socio económicas resalta que 38,436 habitantes que equivale al 60% de pobreza extrema; la precipitación máxima en 24 horas de la subcuenca varia de 5 mm hasta 30 mm, se estimó el caudal máximo dando como resultado para un periodo de retorno, para 10 años de 75 m3/s, para 50 años 104 y finalmente para 100 años 120 m3/s. Asimismo, se establece los criterios para la gestión de riesgos en la cual comprende el análisis peligros y vulnerabilidad, identificando el riesgo en zonas inundables que para 50 años le corresponden 37 ha de inundación en el tramo crítico. Finalmente se desarrollan los tipos de propuestas de conservación en suelos inundados y erosionados como medidas estructurales (gaviones, llantas), y no estructurales (agroforestería) con la finalidad de mitigar daños por desborde en la Subcuenca. Descriptores: Gestión, inundación, peligro, vulnerabilidad, riesgo, gaviones, agroforestería. Abstract The objective of this thesis is to investigate the management of flood peak flows in the lower subbasin Gulch Huaycoloro river, in order to help improve the quality of life of the towns as Cajamarquilla Jicamarca and Huachipa, this research is structured in 4 chapters. The first chapter develops the problem, objectives; hypotheses are shown with their respective variables and justify their relevance and importance of this research.  In the second chapter the conceptual framework and the environmental regulatory framework that supports the decision-making criteria and proposals for conservation and riverine defenses shown.  In the third chapter the methodology used for each objective proposed is described, also the type of research and methods, materials and equipment is detailed, steps in conducting this study. The fourth chapter describes the environmental diagnosis of Huaycoloro subwatershed, which has a 492.9 km2 area and length of the main river is 49.7 km, the morphological features give you a greater area percentage of 54 % (hill and mountain - Mountain slope steep to steep) 3 climates presents a semi- arid to poor rains, in geology presents predominance of igneous rocks, likewise in the socio economic characteristics highlights that 38,436 inhabitants equivalent to 60 % of extreme poverty; precipitation maximum within 24 hours of various sub from 5 mm to 30 mm , the maximum flow resulting to a return period to 10 years of 75 m3 / s , for 50 years and eventually 104 to 100 years 120 m3 / estimated s . Also, the criteria for risk management which includes the hazards and vulnerability analysis, identifying risk in flood zones that correspond to 50 years has 37 critical flood stage is set. Keywords: Management, flood hazard, vulnerability, risk, gabions, agroforestry.


1990 ◽  
Vol 329 (1255) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  

A wide range of models and techniques are briefly reviewed within the context of the Thames nitrates study in which models were developed to assess impacts of agricultural practices on nitrate levels in the river system. Here a semi-distributed approach was adopted in which a series of component models was developed to simulate hydrological and chemical behaviour of the Thames River basin. These components included: ( a ) a daily hydrological model for the Thames basin, which included 17 tributary sub-catchments and several major aquifer systems. The model provided input flows such as tributaries, groundwater, surface runoff, effluent returns as well as abstraction flows; ( b ) a soil zone and aquifer model for calculating the nitrate concentrations of surface runoff and groundwater given a particular land-use and fertilizer application rate; ( c ) An integrated model of flow and water quality for the main river, which provided a mass balance along 22 reaches of the main river, allowed for denitrification processes and incorporated all inputs from the non-point sources derived by ( a ) and ( b ) above. Model results will be presented together with an assessment of the major problems of nitrate modelling and predictions, which occur within the hydrologically active soil zone.


2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-86
Author(s):  
Asep Kurnia Hidayat ◽  
Pengki Irawan ◽  
Jaza'ul Ikhsan ◽  
Sri Atmadja ◽  
Novia Komala Sari

Abstrak. DAS Citanduy merupakan salah DAS yang terbesar di pulau Jawa dengan sungai utama adalah Cintanduy. DAS Citanduy terdiri dari beberapa sub DAS, salah satunya adalah sub DAS Citanduy Hulu. Perubahan tata guna lahan di DAS Citanduy Hulu terus terjadi, kondisi tsb telah mengakibatkan peningkatan debit banjir di sungai. Peningkatan debit di sungai diakibatkan adanya limpasan permukaan akibat hujan. limpasan permukaan dapat dianalisis menggunakan metode SCS (Soil Conservation Service). Metode SCS juga dianalisis berdasarkan kondisi tanah, sehingga dapat menentukan nilai Curve Number (CN) dari lahan. Hasil analisis tahun 2018, menunjukkan bahwa tutupan lahan 18,99% atau 13.735,97 ha berupa hutan (hutan primer, sekunder dan hutan tanaman). Sebaran jenis tanah di umumnya adalah Typic Dystrudepts (36,57%) dan Typic Hapludands (37,93%). Hydrological Soil Group (HSG) di DAS Citanduy Hulu didominasi oleh klas B sebesar 76, 92 %. Hasil analisis didapatkan bahwa DAS Citanduy Hulu tebal runoff maksimum pada PUH 2, 5, 10, 25, dan 50 tahun secara berurutan adalah 104 mm, 133 mm, 147 mm, 171 mm dan 187 mm. Tebal limpasan permukaan minimum dengan PUH 2, 5, 10, 25 dan 50 tahun secara berurutan adalah 17 mm, 31 mm, 39 mm, 53 mm dan 64 mm. Tebal limpasan permukaan menunjukkan potensi peningkatan debit banjir.Analysis And Mapping Runoff In Watershed Upper Citanduy With SCSN MethodAbstract. Citanduy watershed is one of the largest watersheds on the island of Java with the main river being Cintanduy. The Citanduy watershed consists of several sub-watersheds, one of which is the Upper Citanduy sub-watershed. Changes in land use in the Upper Citanduy watershed continue to occur, this condition has resulted in an increase in flood discharge in the river. The increase in discharge in the river is caused by surface runoff due to rain. Surface runoff can be analyzed using the SCS (Soil Conservation Service) method. The SCS method is also analyzed based on soil conditions so that it can determine the Curve Number (CN) value of the land. The results of the 2018 analysis show that 18.99% or 13,735.97 ha of land cover is forest (primary, secondary and plantation forests). The distribution of soil types, in general, is Typic Dystrudepts (36.57%) and Typic Hapludands (37.93%). Hydrological Soil Group (HSG) in the Upper Citanduy watershed is dominated by class B by 76.92%. The results of the analysis showed that the maximum runoff thickness of the Upper Citanduy Watershed at PUH 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years respectively was 104 mm, 133 mm, 147 mm, 171 mm, and 187 mm. The minimum surface runoff thickness with PUH 2, 5, 10, 25, and 50 years respectively is 17 mm, 31 mm, 39 mm, 53 mm, and 64 mm. The thickness of the surface runoff indicates the potential for increased flood discharge.


2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Monique Chyba ◽  
John Rader ◽  
Michael Andoinian

The goal is to develop a guidance and navigation algorithm for an AUV to perform high resolution scanning of the constantly changing river bed of the Magdalena River, the main river of Colombia, from the river mouth to a distance of 10 Km upriver, which is considered to be the riskiest section to navigate. Using geometric control we design the required thrust for an under-actuated autonomous underwater vehicle to realize the desired mission.


2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cosme Damião Valim Carvalho ◽  
Hezer Galletti ◽  
Pedro Dória Menezes ◽  
Manoel Carlos Nunes Junior ◽  
Milesmarcos Gomes Pereira

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 559
Author(s):  
Miguel Figueroa ◽  
Otto Mora Lerma ◽  
Ricardo Fuentes ◽  
Alfredo Ojeda

One of the most relevant problems in transport engineering is the planning of multimodal movements where it is necessary to define the logistics network. To analyze the logistics of a foreign trade operator in Colombia, a mathematical model has been designed for the choice of ports, considering multimodal transport and the state of the art. Initially, a multimodal network was built considering modes of maritime, river, rail and road transport, taking advantage of the main river of Colombia (Magdalena river) and the railway infrastructure. Port operating costs, transshipment, port fees, sea freight, operational and variable costs were included in the analysis. It was found that the most suitable ports in Colombia for export are Cartagena and Buenaventura, with the current infrastructure and demand. It has been found that multimodal arcs are more used than those with a single mode, in addition to exports to Ecuador being made by Buenaventura, while to America and Europe is Cartagena. Additionally, there is sensitivity in the choice of ports concerning the level of prices of road transport since in the Colombian context it is vital to change transfers due to the lack of connectivity between modes such as rail and river.   


2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
M. R. Kuznetsova ◽  
A. A. Pashovkina ◽  
Yu. V. Gensiorovskiy

The determination of maximum water discharges of floods and rain floods at small mountain streams is relevant for engineering and construction purposes. However, currently, the accounting of the surface runoff of small watercourses is often neglected when construction works are being carrying out. This fact leads to various problems with the exploitation of constructed objects. The purpose of this work is to assess the impact of the construction of the biathlon complex in the recreational area of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk on the maximum surface runoff from the territory that it occupies. Maps of natural and anthropogenically transformed catchments of the territory were created with the usage of the data, collected during the field work in the summer of 2018. Hydrographical characteristics of both kinds of catchments were determined in accordance with generally accepted recommendations. On the basis of the obtained data, there was carried out the comparative analysis of the current state of the study area and its characteristics before the creation of sports facilities in years 2016–2017. The calculations of the maximum runoff in periods of flood and rain floods according to analytical formulas recommended in the literature were made. The results of the calculations clearly show that water discharges from this area during the period of flood and rain floods increased after the construction of the complex in comparison with discharges observed before construction. Studies have confirmed that the construction of biathlon tracks on the mountainside led to the increase in surface runoff from this area, which is the reason for the overflow of the urban storm sewer of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk during the period of flood and rain floods, stormwater outlets on the day surface and the activation of erosion processes, suffusion on the considered territory.


2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 4533-4546
Author(s):  
Jenny Moreno ◽  
Juan Sánchez ◽  
Helbert Espitia

Floods are a climatic phenomena that affect different regions worldwide and that produces both human and material losses; for example in 2017, six of the worst floods were the cause of 3.273 deaths worldwide. In Colombia, the strong winter wave presented between 2010 and 2011, caused 1,374 deaths and 1,016 missing persons. The main river in Colombia is the Magdalena, which provides great benefits to the country but is also susceptible to flooding. This article presents a proposal to optimize a fuzzy system to prevent flooding in homes adjacent to areas of risk to the Magdalena River. The method used is based on evolutionary algorithms to perform a global search, including a gradient-based algorithm to improve the solution obtained. The best result achieved was the Mean Square Error (MSE) of 7, 83E - 05. As a conclusion, it is needed to employ optimization methods for the adjustment of parameters of the fuzzy system when considering that the sets and the rules are systematically obtained.


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