scholarly journals Neuromeningeal cryptococcosis in HIV-infected patients in Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 73-77
Author(s):  
Joe Kabongo Katabwa ◽  
Olivier Mukuku ◽  
Guy Kanja Lwamba ◽  
Stanislas Okitotsho Wembonyama
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infection ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Clinical Symptomatology ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The Mean

Introduction: Neuromeningeal cryptococcosis (NMC) is a severe and fatal opportunistic infection. Lethality is higher in the absence of treatment, especially in HIV co-infection. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence, epidemiological, clinical, biological, and therapeutic features as well as the outcome of NMC in HIV-infected patients. Methods: This is a retrospective study of 108 cases of NMC diagnosed in HIV-infected patients. Data were collected over 36 months (from January 2015 to December 2017) at the HIV/AIDS Center of Excellence in Lubumbashi (Democratic Republic of the Congo). Results: The overall prevalence of NMC is 2.5%. The mean age of the patients was 41.5±13.1 years, with 72.2% aged less than 50 years. The main clinical symptomatology was headache (100%) and fever (100%). The main cytochemical CSF abnormalities were hyperproteinorachia (91.9%), hypoglycorachia (94%) and hyper-lymphocytosis (98.2%). The mean CD4 count was 168.7±137.1/mm3. All patients were treated with fluconazole. The overall lethality was 43.5%. Conclusion: NMC is a serious opportunistic infection in HIV-infected patients, and the case fatality rate remains unacceptable. Management of NMC in HIV-positive patients requires early diagnosis, increased access to antiretrovirals and prompt initiation of appropriate treatment.

scholarly journals Characteristics of COVID-19 fatality cases in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swandari Paramita ◽  
Ronny Isnuwardana ◽  
Krispinus Duma ◽  
Rahmat Bakhtiar ◽  
Muhammad Khairul Nuryanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Information System ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
East Kalimantan ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Underlying Diseases

Introduction. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) is caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. On March 2, 2020, Indonesia announced the first confirmed cases of COVID-19 infection. East Kalimantan will play an important role as the new capital of Indonesia. There is attention to the preparedness of East Kalimantan to respond to COVID-19. We report the characteristics of COVID-19 fatality cases in here. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the fatality cases of COVID-19 patients from the East Kalimantan Health Office information system. All patients were confirmed COVID-19 by RT-PCR examination. Results. By July 31, 2020, 31 fatality cases of patients had been identified as having confirmed COVID-19 in East Kalimantan. The mean age of the patients was 55.1 + 9.2 years. Most of the patients were men (22 [71.0%]) with age more than 60 years old (14 [45.2%]). Balikpapan has the highest number of COVID-19 fatality cases from all regencies. Hypertension was the most comorbidities in the fatality cases of COVID-19 patients in East Kalimantan. Discussion. Older age and comorbidities still contributed to the fatality cases of COVID-19 patients in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cerebrovascular disease were underlying conditions for increasing the risk of COVID-19 getting into a serious condition. Conclusion. Active surveillance for people older than 60 years old and having underlying diseases is needed for reducing the case fatality rate of COVID-19 in East Kalimantan. Keywords. Comorbidity, fatality cases, COVID-19, Indonesia.

scholarly journals Influence of Covid-19 Vaccination Coverage on Case Fatality Rate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tareef Fadhil Raham
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The One ◽  
Graphical Presentation

Abstract Background: Recent evidence suggested that an increase in Covid-19 attack rate is correlated to increased case fatality rate (CFR) Covid-19 disease severity. An increase in the attack rate was suggested to lead to an increase in the viral load a proposed mechanism leading to this association. In this context, we conduct this study to look for the influence of decreasing the number of Covid-19 cases through vaccination on CFR.Material and methods: We collected data concerning all countries/territories that implement Covid-19 vaccination at least for the last hundred days ending on 3d of April 2021. They were sixteen in number.Descriptive data analysis used included mean value, standard deviation, and graphical presentation by using Stem-Leaf charts and bar charts.Inferential data analyses used included the One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test and general linear model procedure (GLM).Results: Findings showed that in a highly significant association the mean CFR decreased in countries with > 18 Covid-19 vaccine doses per 100 inhabitants.Conclusion: Vaccination coverage may constitute another factor that determines temporal and spatial variances in CFR.

Stroke mortality in a teaching hospital in South Western Nigeria

2007 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 186-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Komolafe ◽  
O Ogunlade ◽  
E O Komolafe
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Uncontrolled Hypertension ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Stroke Mortality ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Risk Factors ◽  
Treatment Of Hypertension ◽  
The Mean

Stroke, a major cause of morbidity and mortality, is on the increase and with increasing mortality. Our retrospective review of all stroke admissions from 1990-2000 show that cerebrovascular disease accounted for 3.6% (293/8144) of all medical admissions; it has a case fatality rate of 45% with the majority (61%) occurring in the first week; the mean age of stroke deaths was 62 years (standard deviation-13); and severe as well as uncontrolled hypertension is the most important risk factor. Community-based programmes aimed at early detection and treatment of hypertension, in addition to screening for those with high risk factors, should be put in place.

Death due to recurrent thromboembolism among younger healthier individuals hospitalized for idiopathic pulmonary embolism

2008 ◽  
Vol 99 (04) ◽  
pp. 683-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Zhou ◽  
Susan Murin ◽  
Richard White
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Embolism ◽  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
The Mean ◽  
First Time ◽  
Acute Pe

SummaryThe incidence of death due to recurrent pulmonary embolism (PE) after a first-time idiopathic PE is not well defined. We conducted a retrospective study of patients age 18 to 56 years who had idiopathic PE between 1994–2001.The incidence and cause of death within five years was determined using linked discharge records and a master death registry. A total of 3,456 patients had a first-time idiopathic PE. The rate of recurrent VTE 0–6 months after the index event was 13.1%/year, and 2.9%/year 6–60 months after the event. During the mean follow-up of 3.2 years 118 (3.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.8–4.1%) patients died. Fifty-two (44%) deaths occurred <29 days after the index PE (case-fatality rate =1.5%,95%CI=1.1–2.0%). Among the 66 cases (1.9%) that died after 28 days, 18 (0.52%) were due to recurrent PE or its sequelae: eight had recurrent PE alone, five had recurrent PE and a serious co-morbid illness, and five had thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension with or without acute PE. The person-time rate of death (deaths per 100 patientyears) attributed to any recurrent thromboembolism 6–60 months after the event was 0.16% (95%CI=0.1–0.26%). Ten of the 18 (56%) late thromboembolic deaths reflected a first-time recurrent PE. The 28-day case-fatality rate for recurrentVTE was 2.8% (95%CI= 1.5–4.9%).In this cohort of younger patients with idiopathic PE, the rate of death due to recurrentVTE, particularly to first-time recurrent PE, was low. Among the patients who died of thromboembolism >28 days after the index PE, 28% had developed pulmonary hypertension.

An App for Understanding the Case Fatality Rate of Novel Coronavirus (COVID -19): Observation Study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsair-Wei Chien ◽  
Wei-Chih Kan ◽  
Yu-Tsen Yeh ◽  
Shu-Chun Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Death Rate ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Observation Study ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

BACKGROUND When a new disease starts to spread, one of the commonly asked questions is (1) how deadly it is. World Health Organization (WHO) announced in a press conference on January 29th, 2020 and reported the death rate of COVID-19 was 2% on the case fatality rate(CFR). Whether the claim was underestimated is worthy of clarifications when considering the lag days from symptom onset to death. OBJECTIVE We developed an app for online displaying three types of computations of CFR and verifying the death rate of 2% substantially underestimated. METHODS We downloaded COVID-19 outbreak numbers from January 21 to February 25, 2020, in countries/regions on a daily basis from Github that contains daily information on confirmed cases, deaths, and the recovered in more than 30 Chinese locations and other worldwide countries/regions. Three CFRs on COVID-19 were compared, including (A) deaths/confirmed;(B) deaths/(deaths+recovered); and (C) deaths/(cases x days ago). The coefficients of variance (CV=the ratio of the standard deviation to the mean) were applied to measure the relative variability for each CFR. A dashboard was developed for daily display of the CFR on COVID-19 for each region. RESULTS We observed that the CVs were 0.07, 9.23, and 5.08 and the CFRs were 3.37%, 8.85%, and 3.58% for these three CFR computations, respectively, on Feb. 25, 2020. The death rate of COVID-19(=2%) announced by WHO using the formula of deaths/confirmed was substantially underestimated. A dashboard was created to present the provisional CFRs of COVID-19 on a daily basis. CONCLUSIONS We suggest examining these three CFRs as a reference to the final CFR. An app developed for displaying the provisional CFR with these three CFRs can modify the underestimated CFR reported by WHO and media. CLINICALTRIAL Not available

scholarly journals The Zermatt typhoid outbreak in 1963

1965 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 537-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. P. Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Water Contamination ◽  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Hotel Employees ◽  
The Mean

1. A description is given of the outbreak of typhoid fever in Zermatt in 1963.2. There were 437 cases and three deaths, a case fatality rate of 0·7%.3. Information from 260 tourists established that the initiation of infection was explosive and allowed the period of infection to be determined.4. The mean incubation period of various tourist fractions was probably between 16 and 18 days but was found to be significantly longer (20–21 days) for hotel employees.5. The evidence favours a waterborne outbreak. Studies of the water supply showed that the catchment area and the surface streams and their water were liable to contamination.6. One particular stream, the Zmuttbach, constituted a greater danger than the remainder.7. The water purification at the treatment station was inadequate; in particular the holding time for chlorination was too short, and the required concentration of 0·2 p.p.m. was not reached consistently. In addition, there were periods during which completely unchlorinated water reached the general supply.8. It was discovered, some months after the epidemic, that there was leakage of sewage, probably of long standing, into the chlorination tank. This seems to be the most likely source of the water contamination.9. The typhoid excretor responsible for the outbreak was not discovered.

Impact of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol on COVID-19 case-fatality rate reduction in Algeria. (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Youssef Kada
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality Rate ◽  
Doubling Time ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
World Health ◽  
Fatality Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Protocol ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
At Home

BACKGROUND Covid-19 is an emerging infectious disease like viral zoonosis caused by new coronavirus SARS CoV 2. On December 31, 2019, Wuhan Municipal Health Commission in Hubei province (China) reported cases of pneumonia, the origin of which is a new coronavirus. Rapidly extendable around the world, the World Health Organization (WHO) declares it pandemic on March 11, 2020. This pandemic reaches Algeria on February 25, 2020, date on which the Algerian minister of health, announced the first case of Covid-19, a foreign citizen. From March 1, a cluster is formed in Blida and becomes the epicentre of the coronavirus epidemic in Algeria, its total quarantine is established on March 24, 2020, it will be smoothly alleviated on April 24. A therapeutic protocol based on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was put in place on March 23, for complicated cases, it was extended to all the cases confirmed on April 06. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to demonstrate the effectiveness of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol in Algeria, in particular after its extension to all patients diagnosed COVID-19 positive on RT-PCR test. We were able to illustrate this fact graphically, but not to prove it statistically because the design of our study, indeed in the 7 days which followed generalization of therapeutic protocol, case fatality rate decrease and doubling time increase, thus confirming the impact of wide and early prescription of hydroxychloroquin/azithromycin protocol. METHODS We have analyzed the data collected from press releases and follow-ups published daily by the Ministry of Health, we have studied the possible correlations of these data with certain events or decisions having a possible impact on their development, such as confinement at home and its reduction, the prescription of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin combination for serious patients and its extension to all positive COVID subjects. Results are presented in graphics, the data collection was closed on 31/05/2020. RESULTS Covid-19 pandemic spreads from February 25, 2020, when a foreign citizen is tested positive, on March 1 a cluster is formed in the city of Blida where sixteen members of the same family are infected during a wedding party. Wilaya of Blida becomes the epicentre of coronavirus epidemic in Algeria and lockdown measures taken, while the number of national cases diagnosed begins to increases In any event, the association of early containment measures combined with a generalized initial treatment for all positive cases, whatever their degree of severity, will have contributed to a reduction in the fatality rate of COVID 19 and a slowing down of its doubling time. CONCLUSIONS In Algeria, the rapid combination of rigorous containment measure at home and early generalized treatment with hydroxychloroquin have demonstrated their effectiveness in terms of morbidity and mortality, the classic measures of social distancing and hygiene will make it possible to perpetuate these results by reducing viral transmission, the only unknown, the reopening procedure which can only be started after being surrounded by precautions aimed at ensuring the understanding of the population. CLINICALTRIAL Algeria, Covid-19, pandemic, hydroxychloroquin, azithromycin, case fatality rate

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