scholarly journals Making biodiversity work for coffee production. A case study of Gayo Arabica coffee in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 156-162
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ikhsan Sulaiman ◽  
Rita Andini ◽  
Murna Muzaifa ◽  
Leni Marlina ◽  
Rachman Jaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Production ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Correct Application ◽  
Coffee Species

Biodiversity is defined as the variety of life encompassing the ‘existing’ variations at all level, starting from the tiny genes within a species up to a broader sense consisted of habitats within ecosystem. It is urgently needed as long as human is still exist on this earth. Therefore, its proper utilization and correct application of biodiversity bring great advantage in tangible and non-tangible benefits. Indonesia is known as the third largest biodiversity hotspots; both its flora and fauna. It has also tremendous diverse ecosystems extended from west to east; with amplitude of variation ranging from humid tropical rain forests until a very dry savannah type at the eastern part of Nusa Tenggara. Furthermore, Indonesia is also known as the fourth world highest producer of coffee; with a total production 11,49 million kg in 2016-2017. The Gayo highlands on the northern tip of Sumatra are known as the major production of arabica coffee. There, up to ten varieties of commercial arabica coffee are planted on the highlands. The origin of coffee is in Ethiopia, which is believed as the center of the commercial coffee species in this world: C. arabica and C. canephora. The objective of this paper is to review the status of coffee, esp. the arabica one from various perspectives, ranging from the biology, history of coffee, the processing of coffee (wet vs. dry methods), and how the component of natural biodiversity can be applied in order to enhance the coffee production, particularly on the Gayo highlands.

A Universe of Societies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didier Debaise
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Temporal And Spatial

Which kind of relation exists between a stone, a cloud, a dog, and a human? Is nature made of distinct domains and layers or does it form a vast unity from which all beings emerge? Refusing at once a reductionist, physicalist approach as well as a vitalistic one, Whitehead affirms that « everything is a society » This chapter consequently questions the status of different domains which together compose nature by employing the concept of society. The first part traces the history of this notion notably with reference to the two thinkers fundamental to Whitehead: Leibniz and Locke; the second part defines the temporal and spatial relations of societies; and the third explores the differences between physical, biological, and psychical forms of existence as well as their respective ways of relating to environments. The chapter thus tackles the status of nature and its domains.

The Empires of Western Asia and the Assyrian World Empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 73-110
Author(s):  
Gojko Barjamovic
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
World War ◽  
Political Fragmentation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Third Millennium Bce ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Empire

The history of empire begins in Western Asia. This chapter tracks developments in the second and first millennia BCE as imperial control in the region became increasingly common and progressively more pervasive. Oscillations between political fragmentation and imperial unification swung gradually toward the latter, from just a few documented examples in the third millennium BCE to the more-or-less permanent partition of Western Asia into successive imperial states from the seventh century BCE until the end of World War I. The chapter covers about a dozen empires and empire-like states, tracing developments of territoriality and notions of imperial universality using Assyria ca. 2004–605 BCE as a case study for how large and loose hegemonies became the normative political formation in the region.

Ostmark

2021 ◽  
pp. 268-287
Author(s):  
Helen Roche
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
World War ◽  
Terrorist Activity ◽  
Religious Buildings ◽  
Security Services ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Third Reich

Following Austria’s annexation by the Third Reich, the NPEA authorities were eager to pursue every opportunity to found new Napolas in the freshly acquired territories of the ‘Ostmark’. In the first instance, the Inspectorate took over the existing state boarding schools (Bundeserziehungsanstalten/Staatserziehungsanstalten) at Wien-Breitensee, Wien-Boerhavegasse, Traiskirchen, and the Theresianum. Secondly, beyond Vienna, numerous Napolas were also founded in the buildings of monastic foundations which had been requisitioned and expropriated by the Nazi security services. These included the abbey complexes at Göttweig, Lambach, Seckau, Vorau, and St. Paul (Spanheim), as well as the Catholic seminary at St. Veit (present-day Ljubljana-Šentvid, Slovenia). This chapter begins by charting the chequered history of the former imperial and royal (k.u.k.) cadet schools in Vienna, which were refashioned into civilian Bundeserziehungsanstalten by the Austrian socialist educational reformer Otto Glöckel immediately after World War I. During the reign of Dollfuß and Schuschnigg’s Austrofascist state, the schools were threatened from within by the terrorist activity of illegal Hitler Youth cells, and the Anschluss was ultimately welcomed by many pupils, staff, and administrators. August Heißmeyer and Otto Calliebe’s subsequent efforts to reform the schools into Napolas led to their being incorporated into the NPEA system on 13 March 1939. The chapter then treats the Inspectorate’s foundation of further Napolas in expropriated religious buildings, focusing on NPEA St. Veit as a case study. In conclusion, it outlines the ways in which both of these forms of Napolisation conformed to broader patterns of Nazification policy in Austria after the Anschluss.

scholarly journals Sound i historisk perspektiv: oppdagelse, naturalisering, kanonisering

2020 ◽  
pp. 53-73
Author(s):  
Eirik Askerøi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Tape ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Virtual Spaces ◽  
Musical Development ◽  
The Third ◽  
Recorded Music ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vocal Expressions

This chapter addresses technological development as a driving force of musical development during the history of recorded music. The study is organized around three moments, which in various ways have contributed to forming new ways of producing music, and thereby also have left their audible marks on the sound of the music. The first example demonstrates how the development of the electric microphone contributed to new vocal expressions already in the 1930s. The second example takes up how magnetic tape technology has affected the status of recording, the possibility of multitrack recording and for experimenting with the sound of new, virtual spaces in recordings. The third example is the gated reverb on drums, which left a definitive mark on the sound of the 1980s. The overall aim of this chapter, then, is to provide an inroad to understanding the concept of sound in a historic perspective, through processes of discovery, naturalisation and canonisation.

The Status of Blogging in the Republic of Ireland

2012 ◽  
pp. 128-147
Author(s):  
Lori F. Brost ◽  
Carol McGinnis
Keyword(s):  
Good Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
Republic Of Ireland ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
E Mail

This chapter examines the phenomenon and the status of blogging in the Republic of Ireland. It focuses on the social, cultural, political, technological, and legal factors that have influenced the existence and functioning of the Irish blogosphere and seeks to ascertain whether it is in good health, in decline, or in transition. To date, there is no research on the history and evolution of Irish blogging, and there are no assessments of the status of the blogging practice in the Republic of Ireland. This case study scrutinizes the history of blogging in Ireland, traces its evolution, and draws conclusions about the state of Irish blogging. Data collection for the study involved an extensive review of Irish blogs as well as e-mail and phone interviews with Irish bloggers. The authors conclude that the Irish blogosphere is vibrant, diverse, and evolving; additionally, they offer directions for future research.

German archaeology during the Third Reich, 1933–45: a case study based on archival evidence

Antiquity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (291) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Maischberger
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Politics ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
Traditional Institutions ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
Nazi Era ◽  
Locus Classicus

The history of the archaeological disciplines in Germany during the Nazi era can be considered as a locus classicus of nationalist interpretation and misuse of the past. For some time now, various efforts have been made to enhance our understanding of this period, including several aspects related to archaeology and cultural politics. Most studies have been carried on by modern historians, but also archaeologists have engaged in historiographical research on their own discipline. Some freqiiently cited works like Bollmus (1970) Kater (1974) and Losemann (1977) are still fundamental for our understanding of important aspects of Nazi cultural politics as well as the involvement of traditional institutions into the dictatorial system.

The Meaning of Evolution

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 15-30
Author(s):  
Richard K. Bambach
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Theory Of Evolution ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
George Gaylord Simpson

In 1950, the great vertebrate paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson published a book titled “The Meaning of Evolution.” Simpson divided his work into three parts: (a) the Course of Evolution, (b) Interpretation of Evolution, and (c) Evolution, Humanity, and Ethics. I will take a different approach. Rather than detailing the course of evolution (topics of which are covered elsewhere in this volume), or interpreting patterns seen in the history of life, or trying to construct an ethical program, I will just consider three aspects: (1) what we mean by evolution, (2) the status of the theory of evolution, and (3) what evolution means to understanding the natural world. Some ideas about the importance of human existence and its implications do emerge, however, from the third topic, and several of my points do parallel some of Simpson's conclusions.

scholarly journals AGROINDUSTRY PRODUCTION SYSTEM OF ARABICA COFFEE (CASE STUDY OF PT SINAR MAYANG LESTARI, PANGALENGAN SUB-DISTRICT, BANDUNG REGENCY)

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
Fransisca Lia ◽  
Tomy Perdana
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Input Process ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Arabica Coffee ◽  
Physical Product ◽  
Process Output ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Installed Capacity

The production system is a system found in the company to change a physical product from the input to the output. PT. Sinar Mayang Lestari is an arabica coffee producer which is experiencing an increase in demand every year. Increasing demand on green bean arabica in 2017, will affect the production system undertaken by PT Sinar Mayang Lestari. This research aims to find out the production system in PT. Sinar Mayang Lestari for coffee processing. This research used qualitative research and descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that production system in PT Sinar Mayang Lestari consists of input, process, output, and feed back for the company. However, the production system is not optimal yet because the utilization of processing machines does not match the installed capacity. The company needs to set aproduction planning to overcome the increased demand, so that the production system can be done optimally. Keywords: Agroindustry, Coffee, Production System

scholarly journals Evaluation of the optimal values of cholesterol of high density lipoproteins in a cohort of men aged 40-59 with myocardial infarction (according to 30-year monitoring of the status of life)

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-89
Author(s):  
V. V. Belov ◽  
A. A. Menshchikov
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Past History ◽  
High Density ◽  
High Density Lipoproteins ◽  
Survival Curves ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Survival Differences

Aim. To establish connection between the functions of 30-year survival rate and concentration of cholesterol high density lipoproteins (C-HDL) in men aged 40-59 years with a past history of a myocardial infarction (MI) and relying on the obtained data to determine the optimal level of C-HDL for the specified cohort.Material and methods. The study includes 141 patients who have had MI more than 6 months ago and observed in clinics of Metallurgical district of the city of Chelyabinsk within the third group of dispensary register. Specified MI cases refer to types 1, 2 of the Third universal definition of MI. The initial stage of study of the target group of men who have a past history of MI lasted from 03.06.1974 to 24.11.1975. Observation points were 0 and 30 years. The endpoint was death. Information about the dead established during the annual monitoring of the status of life. During the observation period 130 persons/92,2% died. Evaluation of survival was carried out according to the method of Kaplan-Meier, based on which a Cox regression model was built with the inclusion of successively higher minimum level of C-HDL, so that survival curves were significantly different. 95% confidence intervals were determined. The confidence bands of survival functions were built on the basis of on non-parametric Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.Results. The analysis of the function of 30-year survival in men aged 40-59 with past history of MI, depending on the level of HDL-C showed: the presence of statistically significant relationships between survival and levels of HDL-C. Optimal concentrations of HDL cholesterol for survival were the values of HDL-C ≥2,0 mmol/l. Statistically significant periods of survival differences are shown on survival curves at different levels of HDL-C. The possibility of prediction of survival of each patient to a certain time depending on the level HDL-C is determined. Initial levels of HDL-C determine the beginning, duration, end of periods of statistically significant survival differences on survival curves.Conclusion. The analysis of 30-year monitoring of the life status of cohort of men aged 40-59 with past history of MI showed a statistically significant dependence of survival on the initial level of HDL-C. The initial concentration of HDL-C are optimal for survival of indicated cohorts of men. HDL-C levels of 2,0-2,9 mmol/l can serve as a therapeutic target for men aged 40-59 with a past history of MI. The functions of 30-year survival in the cohort of middle-aged men who underwent MI, allow to determine the probability of survival of patients with this level of HDL-C to certain time.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Pertamina dalam Perdagangan Minyak Indonesia (1969–2015)

Populasi ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Sukusen Soemarinda ◽  
Yeremias T. Keban ◽  
Muhadjir Darwin ◽  
Tumiran Tumiran
Keyword(s):  
Family Business ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Rent Seeking ◽  
New Order ◽  
Know How ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Second Period

Pertamina has a long history of oil trading and was influenced by the actors seizing for the power. The first oil shipments was held in 1958, while this research only discussesPertamina oil trading from 1969 to 2015 through a special subsidiary which was established to carry out the trading for almost fifty years since it was still named as Perta Group (1969) until Petral (2015). The purpose of this research is to know how Pertamina oil trading policy was specified and implemented over a period of time and parties affecting the process so rent- seeking and corruption happened throughout the history of Pertamina oil trading. The method of research a descriptive qualitative method of case study. The data was collected from various documents and interview of perpetrators related. Based on the research carried out, Pertamina oil trading from Perta Group (1969) until Petral (2015) could be classified into three periods, i.e. Perta Group period (1969-1978), POML period (1978-1998), and Petral (1998-2015). The first and second period occurred under the authority of the New Order government, while the third period under the reformation periodThe first period was characterized by the domination of military interests and the second period influenced by the interests of inner circle and family business related to the ruler of the New Order and the third period was dominated by the influence of powerfull person/company.

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